{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3195129309","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3468264.3468581","title":"Detecting and localizing keyboard accessibility failures in web applications","display_name":"Detecting and localizing keyboard accessibility failures in web applications","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3195129309","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3468264.3468581","mag":"3195129309"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3468264.3468581","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3468264.3468581","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3468264.3468581","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 29th ACM Joint Meeting on European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3468264.3468581","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088081188","display_name":"Paul Chiou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1690-2941"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Paul T. Chiou","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern California, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101838152","display_name":"Ali S. Alotaibi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1106-8647"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali S. Alotaibi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern California, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036531724","display_name":"William G. J. Halfond","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4951-9367"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William G. J. Halfond","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern California, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5088081188"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.8069,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97005917,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"855","last_page":"867"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12481","display_name":"Digital Accessibility for Disabilities","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3307","display_name":"Human Factors and Ergonomics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12481","display_name":"Digital Accessibility for Disabilities","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3307","display_name":"Human Factors and Ergonomics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12016","display_name":"Web Data Mining and Analysis","score":0.9722999930381775,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9465000033378601,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8065496683120728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.6453685164451599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-page","display_name":"Web page","score":0.5866165161132812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recall","display_name":"Recall","score":0.4997873306274414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-application","display_name":"Web application","score":0.4548429250717163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-navigation","display_name":"Web navigation","score":0.4456932842731476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-accessibility-initiative","display_name":"Web Accessibility Initiative","score":0.4309898018836975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-development","display_name":"Web development","score":0.26624155044555664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-application-security","display_name":"Web application security","score":0.25135815143585205}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8065496683120728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.6453685164451599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21959979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36774","display_name":"Web page","level":2,"score":0.5866165161132812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100660578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18733","display_name":"Recall","level":2,"score":0.4997873306274414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118643609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189210","display_name":"Web application","level":2,"score":0.4548429250717163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61096286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7978592","display_name":"Web navigation","level":3,"score":0.4456932842731476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197973564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q636020","display_name":"Web Accessibility Initiative","level":5,"score":0.4309898018836975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79373723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q386275","display_name":"Web development","level":3,"score":0.26624155044555664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59241245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4781497","display_name":"Web application security","level":4,"score":0.25135815143585205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3468264.3468581","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3468264.3468581","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3468264.3468581","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 29th ACM Joint Meeting on European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3468264.3468581","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3468264.3468581","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3468264.3468581","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 29th ACM Joint Meeting on European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.6700000166893005}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G837110767","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2009045","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G848032724","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3195129309.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3195129309.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W74884489","https://openalex.org/W638362283","https://openalex.org/W1990931976","https://openalex.org/W1991414493","https://openalex.org/W1997907270","https://openalex.org/W2011539648","https://openalex.org/W2019243577","https://openalex.org/W2044097028","https://openalex.org/W2053521843","https://openalex.org/W2057227043","https://openalex.org/W2061322303","https://openalex.org/W2079713010","https://openalex.org/W2099126513","https://openalex.org/W2108623198","https://openalex.org/W2159949130","https://openalex.org/W2213421584","https://openalex.org/W2473038268","https://openalex.org/W2588321162","https://openalex.org/W2610917376","https://openalex.org/W2798604085","https://openalex.org/W2807836972","https://openalex.org/W2843300884","https://openalex.org/W2896625930","https://openalex.org/W2897267527","https://openalex.org/W2910016046","https://openalex.org/W2911344747","https://openalex.org/W2952626854","https://openalex.org/W2975043024","https://openalex.org/W2979404187","https://openalex.org/W3021907903","https://openalex.org/W3090022158","https://openalex.org/W3103843169","https://openalex.org/W3161986465","https://openalex.org/W3163756696","https://openalex.org/W4288080284"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2268257560","https://openalex.org/W1541158057","https://openalex.org/W2626548695","https://openalex.org/W2030268420","https://openalex.org/W2017818230","https://openalex.org/W2548348270","https://openalex.org/W2885559332","https://openalex.org/W1519586109","https://openalex.org/W2001684880","https://openalex.org/W3006657859"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"keyboard":[1,19,44,69],"is":[2],"the":[3,28,85,89,95],"most":[4],"universally":[5],"supported":[6],"input":[7],"method":[8],"operable":[9],"by":[10],"people":[11],"with":[12,74],"disabilities.":[13],"Yet,":[14],"many":[15],"popular":[16],"websites":[17],"lack":[18],"accessible":[20],"mechanism,":[21],"which":[22],"could":[23],"cause":[24],"failures":[25,46,70],"that":[26,62,92],"make":[27],"website":[29],"unusable.":[30],"In":[31],"this":[32],"paper,":[33],"we":[34],"present":[35],"a":[36],"novel":[37],"approach":[38],"for":[39],"automatically":[40],"detecting":[41],"and":[42,77,79],"localizing":[43],"accessibility":[45],"in":[47,71,88],"web":[48,59,72,90],"applications.":[49],"Our":[50],"extensive":[51],"evaluation":[52],"of":[53],"our":[54,63],"technique":[55,64],"on":[56],"real":[57],"world":[58],"pages":[60,91],"showed":[61],"was":[65,80],"able":[66,81],"to":[67,82,94],"detect":[68],"applications":[73],"high":[75],"precision":[76],"recall":[78],"accurately":[83],"identify":[84],"underlying":[86],"elements":[87],"led":[93],"observed":[96],"problems.":[97]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}