{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3087547017","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3467017","title":"The hardware lottery","display_name":"The hardware lottery","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3087547017","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3467017","mag":"3087547017"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3467017","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3467017","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3467017","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103482838","display_name":"Communications of the ACM","issn_l":"0001-0782","issn":["0001-0782","1557-7317"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications of the ACM","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3467017","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078850040","display_name":"Sara Hooker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0190-6459"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sara Hooker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Brain, Mountain View, CA","Google,,,,,"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Brain, Mountain View, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google,,,,,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078850040"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.36193452,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92307419,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"64","issue":"12","first_page":"58","last_page":"65"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12002","display_name":"Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms","score":0.987500011920929,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12002","display_name":"Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms","score":0.987500011920929,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11986","display_name":"Scientific Computing and Data Management","score":0.9769999980926514,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12797","display_name":"History of Computing Technologies","score":0.9151999950408936,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lottery","display_name":"Lottery","score":0.791274905204773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/salient","display_name":"Salient","score":0.6909709572792053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incentive","display_name":"Incentive","score":0.6454392671585083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6334536671638489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.6135898232460022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.5522274971008301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/path","display_name":"Path (computing)","score":0.4450329840183258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.34827059507369995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.17857253551483154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.11989495158195496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.10374319553375244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microeconomics","display_name":"Microeconomics","score":0.09557950496673584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.07922255992889404}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777340749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6684955","display_name":"Lottery","level":2,"score":0.791274905204773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780719617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1030752","display_name":"Salient","level":2,"score":0.6909709572792053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.6454392671585083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6334536671638489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.6135898232460022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5522274971008301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4450329840183258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.34827059507369995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.17857253551483154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.11989495158195496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.10374319553375244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.09557950496673584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07922255992889404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3467017","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3467017","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3467017","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103482838","display_name":"Communications of the ACM","issn_l":"0001-0782","issn":["0001-0782","1557-7317"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications of the ACM","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2009.06489","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2009.06489","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2009.06489","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3087547017","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://export.arxiv.org/pdf/2009.06489","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2009.06489","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2009.06489","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3467017","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3467017","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3467017","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103482838","display_name":"Communications of the ACM","issn_l":"0001-0782","issn":["0001-0782","1557-7317"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications of the ACM","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3087547017.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3087547017.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":103,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W85058473","https://openalex.org/W1480476943","https://openalex.org/W1481489864","https://openalex.org/W1498436455","https://openalex.org/W1506196175","https://openalex.org/W1509703770","https://openalex.org/W1530262073","https://openalex.org/W1548328233","https://openalex.org/W1554293231","https://openalex.org/W1586143790","https://openalex.org/W1586645256","https://openalex.org/W1606286095","https://openalex.org/W1682403713","https://openalex.org/W1757537413","https://openalex.org/W1964031104","https://openalex.org/W1964275247","https://openalex.org/W1969067576","https://openalex.org/W1971465891","https://openalex.org/W1979531461","https://openalex.org/W1982620722","https://openalex.org/W1984383922","https://openalex.org/W1990535818","https://openalex.org/W1999085092","https://openalex.org/W2003103143","https://openalex.org/W2018435387","https://openalex.org/W2024585065","https://openalex.org/W2025516544","https://openalex.org/W2028166238","https://openalex.org/W2032021721","https://openalex.org/W2032416253","https://openalex.org/W2034549498","https://openalex.org/W2036779190","https://openalex.org/W2037828446","https://openalex.org/W2039948788","https://openalex.org/W2047057213","https://openalex.org/W2056145172","https://openalex.org/W2070630412","https://openalex.org/W2081418732","https://openalex.org/W2091987367","https://openalex.org/W2094192576","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2120357670","https://openalex.org/W2121082877","https://openalex.org/W2121211200","https://openalex.org/W2132131403","https://openalex.org/W2132424367","https://openalex.org/W2132729131","https://openalex.org/W2144225695","https://openalex.org/W2147101007","https://openalex.org/W2147800946","https://openalex.org/W2154662977","https://openalex.org/W2157887385","https://openalex.org/W2163794800","https://openalex.org/W2166815360","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2253807446","https://openalex.org/W2274287116","https://openalex.org/W2347107777","https://openalex.org/W2411972182","https://openalex.org/W2529605558","https://openalex.org/W2551151849","https://openalex.org/W2586591890","https://openalex.org/W2593716495","https://openalex.org/W2606722458","https://openalex.org/W2626211758","https://openalex.org/W2788388592","https://openalex.org/W2798701005","https://openalex.org/W2803163155","https://openalex.org/W2804935296","https://openalex.org/W2805516822","https://openalex.org/W2893007245","https://openalex.org/W2903516100","https://openalex.org/W2914252251","https://openalex.org/W2915589364","https://openalex.org/W2922004937","https://openalex.org/W2944745903","https://openalex.org/W2948223045","https://openalex.org/W2949129717","https://openalex.org/W2951065015","https://openalex.org/W2953212265","https://openalex.org/W2963771263","https://openalex.org/W2969343193","https://openalex.org/W2990844796","https://openalex.org/W2999537838","https://openalex.org/W3016163932","https://openalex.org/W3018195242","https://openalex.org/W3020408629","https://openalex.org/W3033308515","https://openalex.org/W3034733718","https://openalex.org/W3041148953","https://openalex.org/W3042879175","https://openalex.org/W3043571714","https://openalex.org/W3049180922","https://openalex.org/W3081141044","https://openalex.org/W3130660608","https://openalex.org/W3141032226","https://openalex.org/W3171752851","https://openalex.org/W3172753173","https://openalex.org/W3203992401","https://openalex.org/W4230994331","https://openalex.org/W6645899775","https://openalex.org/W6684604209","https://openalex.org/W6773181158"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3030163527","https://openalex.org/W3118608800","https://openalex.org/W2963341956","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2963403868","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W3094502228","https://openalex.org/W3001279689","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W3085139254","https://openalex.org/W3041148953","https://openalex.org/W2948223045","https://openalex.org/W2964292340","https://openalex.org/W2737658893","https://openalex.org/W2475711258","https://openalex.org/W2134380136","https://openalex.org/W2099963996","https://openalex.org/W2025987143","https://openalex.org/W1979210245","https://openalex.org/W2904622547"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"After":[0],"decades":[1],"of":[2,6],"incentivizing":[3],"the":[4,12,19],"isolation":[5],"hardware,":[7],"software,":[8],"and":[9],"algorithm":[10],"development,":[11],"catalysts":[13],"for":[14],"closer":[15],"collaboration":[16],"are":[17],"changing":[18],"paradigm.":[20]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-02-09T09:26:11.010843","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}