{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3154663190","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3466796","title":"A Large-scale Analysis of Mixed Initiative in Information-Seeking Dialogues for Conversational Search","display_name":"A Large-scale Analysis of Mixed Initiative in Information-Seeking Dialogues for Conversational Search","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3154663190","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3466796","mag":"3154663190"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3466796","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3466796","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4394735545","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Information Systems","issn_l":"1046-8188","issn":["1046-8188","1558-2868"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2104.07096","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027138711","display_name":"Svitlana Vakulenko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5278-8886"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887064364","display_name":"University of Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/04dkp9463","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Svitlana Vakulenko","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands","University of Amsterdam"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Amsterdam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055639036","display_name":"Evangelos Kanoulas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8312-0694"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887064364","display_name":"University of Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/04dkp9463","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Evangelos Kanoulas","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands","University of Amsterdam"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Amsterdam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031439294","display_name":"Maarten de Rijke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1086-0202"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887064364","display_name":"University of Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/04dkp9463","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112722","display_name":"Ahold Delhaize (Netherlands)","ror":"https://ror.org/01v6p2g18","country_code":"NL","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210112722"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maarten De Rijke","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Amsterdam & Ahold Delhaize, Amsterdam, The Netherlands","University of Amsterdam"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Amsterdam & Ahold Delhaize, Amsterdam, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112722","https://openalex.org/I887064364"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Amsterdam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5027138711"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.14,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.52964214,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"39","issue":"4","first_page":"1","last_page":"32"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10203","display_name":"Recommender Systems and Techniques","score":0.9905999898910522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6973639726638794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.559826135635376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-seeking","display_name":"Information seeking","score":0.5553417205810547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contrast","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","score":0.463215172290802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.4077911972999573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.4065598249435425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.3428712487220764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.30375581979751587}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6973639726638794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.559826135635376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776636917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3772297","display_name":"Information seeking","level":2,"score":0.5553417205810547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.463215172290802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.4077911972999573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.4065598249435425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.3428712487220764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.30375581979751587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":8,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3466796","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3466796","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4394735545","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Information Systems","issn_l":"1046-8188","issn":["1046-8188","1558-2868"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2104.07096","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2104.07096","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2104.07096","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dare.uva.nl:openaire_cris_publications/876bd2e6-de46-40c5-b703-65b0bc16b7b2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11245.1/876bd2e6-de46-40c5-b703-65b0bc16b7b2","pdf_url":"https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/65528956/3466796.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400088","display_name":"UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I887064364","host_organization_name":"University of Amsterdam","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Vakulenko, S, Kanoulas, E & de Rijke, M 2021, 'A Large-Scale Analysis of Mixed Initiative in Information-Seeking Dialogues for Conversational Search', ACM Transactions on Information Systems, vol. 39, no. 4, 49. https://doi.org/10.1145/3466796","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dare.uva.nl:openaire/876bd2e6-de46-40c5-b703-65b0bc16b7b2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://handle.uba.uva.nl/personal/pure/en/publications/a-largescale-analysis-of-mixed-initiative-in-informationseeking-dialogues-for-conversational-search(876bd2e6-de46-40c5-b703-65b0bc16b7b2).html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400088","display_name":"UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I887064364","host_organization_name":"University of Amsterdam","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Vakulenko, S, Kanoulas, E & de Rijke, M 2021, 'A Large-Scale Analysis of Mixed Initiative in Information-Seeking Dialogues for Conversational Search', ACM Transactions on Information Systems, vol. 39, no. 4, 49. https://doi.org/10.1145/3466796","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dare.uva.nl:publications/876bd2e6-de46-40c5-b703-65b0bc16b7b2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11245.1/876bd2e6-de46-40c5-b703-65b0bc16b7b2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400088","display_name":"UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I887064364","host_organization_name":"University of Amsterdam","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Vakulenko, S, Kanoulas, E & de Rijke, M 2021, 'A Large-Scale Analysis of Mixed Initiative in Information-Seeking Dialogues for Conversational Search', ACM Transactions on Information Systems, vol. 39, no. 4, 49. https://doi.org/10.1145/3466796","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:uvapub:oai:dare.uva.nl:publications/876bd2e6-de46-40c5-b703-65b0bc16b7b2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dare.uva.nl/personal/pure/en/publications/a-largescale-analysis-of-mixed-initiative-in-informationseeking-dialogues-for-conversational-search(876bd2e6-de46-40c5-b703-65b0bc16b7b2).html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401843","display_name":"Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1322597698","host_organization_name":"Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322597698"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Information Systems, 39(4):49. Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2104.07096","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2104.07096","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"mag:3154663190","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2104.07096","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2104.07096","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2104.07096","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7699999809265137,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2077179214","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"016.Vidi.189.039","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321800","funder_display_name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2919863474","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"314-99-301","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321800","funder_display_name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6009445997","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"unknown","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321800","funder_display_name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6180157266","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"814961","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G629491556","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"(NWO)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321800","funder_display_name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321799","display_name":"Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap","ror":"https://ror.org/02x3w5g21"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321800","display_name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","ror":"https://ror.org/04jsz6e67"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W179864636","https://openalex.org/W1490115269","https://openalex.org/W1516008966","https://openalex.org/W1528364680","https://openalex.org/W1576867306","https://openalex.org/W1776191765","https://openalex.org/W1969340322","https://openalex.org/W1987312358","https://openalex.org/W2083566136","https://openalex.org/W2113788004","https://openalex.org/W2142123839","https://openalex.org/W2163074454","https://openalex.org/W2170809941","https://openalex.org/W2590822507","https://openalex.org/W2740050834","https://openalex.org/W2791808303","https://openalex.org/W2799195065","https://openalex.org/W2810015029","https://openalex.org/W2810840719","https://openalex.org/W2888302696","https://openalex.org/W2891389695","https://openalex.org/W2913443447","https://openalex.org/W2950457956","https://openalex.org/W2955157382","https://openalex.org/W2962854379","https://openalex.org/W2963475460","https://openalex.org/W2963544536","https://openalex.org/W2963811820","https://openalex.org/W2964006684","https://openalex.org/W2964223283","https://openalex.org/W2965373594","https://openalex.org/W2972156721","https://openalex.org/W2979417040","https://openalex.org/W2980661038","https://openalex.org/W2987293115","https://openalex.org/W2995133373","https://openalex.org/W2996125274","https://openalex.org/W3000779003","https://openalex.org/W3003611599","https://openalex.org/W3014901735","https://openalex.org/W3022041859","https://openalex.org/W3032762665","https://openalex.org/W3035656139","https://openalex.org/W3105690102","https://openalex.org/W3105761976","https://openalex.org/W3123936891","https://openalex.org/W3165654682","https://openalex.org/W3194364392","https://openalex.org/W4205671217","https://openalex.org/W6776500214"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3197018105","https://openalex.org/W3105761976","https://openalex.org/W3152929911","https://openalex.org/W3000787108","https://openalex.org/W2741445000","https://openalex.org/W3002772880","https://openalex.org/W2610551042","https://openalex.org/W2926841041","https://openalex.org/W2806538984","https://openalex.org/W2758003854","https://openalex.org/W2986931842","https://openalex.org/W3199691415","https://openalex.org/W2893684749","https://openalex.org/W3134548599","https://openalex.org/W3024921960","https://openalex.org/W3012398619","https://openalex.org/W2791808303","https://openalex.org/W3088168462","https://openalex.org/W2187436616","https://openalex.org/W2961050448"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Conversational":[0],"search":[1,136],"is":[2],"a":[3,49],"relatively":[4],"young":[5],"area":[6],"of":[7,40,53,80,93,146],"research":[8,28,110],"that":[9,105,120],"aims":[10],"at":[11],"automating":[12],"an":[13,41],"information-seeking":[14,42,103],"dialogue.":[15,43],"In":[16],"this":[17,45],"article,":[18],"we":[19,47,97,128],"help":[20],"to":[21,26,68,90,150],"position":[22],"it":[23],"with":[24,112],"respect":[25],"other":[27,138],"areas":[29],"within":[30],"conversational":[31,74,135,139,148],"artificial":[32],"intelligence":[33],"(AI)":[34],"by":[35,123],"analysing":[36],"the":[37,99,113],"structural":[38],"properties":[39],"To":[44],"end,":[46],"perform":[48],"large-scale":[50],"dialogue":[51,62,85],"analysis":[52],"more":[54],"than":[55],"150K":[56],"transcripts":[57,86],"from":[58,83],"16":[59],"publicly":[60],"available":[61],"datasets.":[63],"These":[64],"datasets":[65,149],"were":[66,121],"collected":[67],"inform":[69,151],"different":[70,78,94],"dialogue-based":[71],"tasks":[72,141],"including":[73],"search.":[75],"We":[76],"extract":[77],"patterns":[79,100,114],"mixed":[81],"initiative":[82],"these":[84],"and":[87,137,142],"use":[88],"them":[89],"compare":[91],"dialogues":[92,104],"types.":[95],"Moreover,":[96],"contrast":[98],"found":[101,115],"in":[102,116],"are":[106],"being":[107],"used":[108],"for":[109],"purposes":[111],"virtual":[117],"reference":[118],"interviews":[119],"conducted":[122],"professional":[124],"librarians.":[125],"The":[126],"insights":[127],"provide":[129],"(1)":[130],"establish":[131],"close":[132],"relations":[133],"between":[134],"AI":[140],"(2)":[143],"uncover":[144],"limitations":[145],"existing":[147],"future":[152],"data":[153],"collection":[154],"tasks.":[155]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}