{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3207965708","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3466752.3480071","title":"RACER: Bit-Pipelined Processing Using Resistive Memory","display_name":"RACER: Bit-Pipelined Processing Using Resistive Memory","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3207965708","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3466752.3480071","mag":"3207965708"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3466752.3480071","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3466752.3480071","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"MICRO-54: 54th Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3466752.3480071","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013669746","display_name":"Minh S. Q. Truong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8430-2513"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Minh S. Q. Truong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100731451","display_name":"Eric Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5247-3593"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058592280","display_name":"Deanyone Su","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-9357"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deanyone Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061888214","display_name":"Liting Shen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liting Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018268672","display_name":"Alexander Glass","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Glass","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083212338","display_name":"L.R. Carley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3945-9110"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L. Richard Carley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050099355","display_name":"James A. Bain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5355-5048"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James A. Bain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036666743","display_name":"Saugata Ghose","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9138-0613"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saugata Ghose","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5013669746"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9305,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":36,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91549264,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"100","last_page":"116"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10472","display_name":"Semiconductor materials and devices","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.813618004322052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bitwise-operation","display_name":"Bitwise operation","score":0.6471490859985352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.6143673062324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-memory","display_name":"Computer memory","score":0.5766516327857971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-map","display_name":"Memory map","score":0.5306405425071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semiconductor-memory","display_name":"Semiconductor memory","score":0.48909980058670044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.48617953062057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-management","display_name":"Memory management","score":0.478863924741745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.46345680952072144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/in-memory-processing","display_name":"In-Memory Processing","score":0.46006953716278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/registered-memory","display_name":"Registered memory","score":0.4597722291946411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interleaved-memory","display_name":"Interleaved memory","score":0.45183783769607544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-refresh","display_name":"Memory refresh","score":0.4450765550136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resistive-random-access-memory","display_name":"Resistive random-access memory","score":0.44070783257484436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flat-memory-model","display_name":"Flat memory model","score":0.4242759346961975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conventional-memory","display_name":"Conventional memory","score":0.4100194573402405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.40324530005455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.3813336491584778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.20156845450401306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.07964485883712769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/search-engine","display_name":"Search engine","score":0.07673591375350952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.06746765971183777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.06672218441963196}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.813618004322052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134765980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q879126","display_name":"Bitwise operation","level":2,"score":0.6471490859985352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.6143673062324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92855701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5830907","display_name":"Computer memory","level":3,"score":0.5766516327857971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74426580","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q719484","display_name":"Memory map","level":3,"score":0.5306405425071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98986596","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143031","display_name":"Semiconductor memory","level":2,"score":0.48909980058670044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.48617953062057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176649486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2308807","display_name":"Memory management","level":3,"score":0.478863924741745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.46345680952072144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123593499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6008583","display_name":"In-Memory Processing","level":5,"score":0.46006953716278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93446704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q449328","display_name":"Registered memory","level":3,"score":0.4597722291946411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63511323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q908936","display_name":"Interleaved memory","level":4,"score":0.45183783769607544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87907426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6815755","display_name":"Memory refresh","level":4,"score":0.4450765550136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182019814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143830","display_name":"Resistive random-access memory","level":3,"score":0.44070783257484436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57863822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905488","display_name":"Flat memory model","level":4,"score":0.4242759346961975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53838383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q541148","display_name":"Conventional memory","level":5,"score":0.4100194573402405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.40324530005455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.3813336491584778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.20156845450401306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.07964485883712769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97854310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19541","display_name":"Search engine","level":2,"score":0.07673591375350952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.06746765971183777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.06672218441963196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194222762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q114486","display_name":"Query by Example","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164120249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q995982","display_name":"Web search query","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3466752.3480071","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3466752.3480071","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"MICRO-54: 54th Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3466752.3480071","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3466752.3480071","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"MICRO-54: 54th Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8999999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":83,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1494123977","https://openalex.org/W1969908552","https://openalex.org/W1993163906","https://openalex.org/W2004823737","https://openalex.org/W2018240811","https://openalex.org/W2023834387","https://openalex.org/W2027342132","https://openalex.org/W2059441802","https://openalex.org/W2062258101","https://openalex.org/W2066280488","https://openalex.org/W2066949876","https://openalex.org/W2071520186","https://openalex.org/W2073260489","https://openalex.org/W2075506078","https://openalex.org/W2081729575","https://openalex.org/W2085875981","https://openalex.org/W2086112773","https://openalex.org/W2090413838","https://openalex.org/W2100846455","https://openalex.org/W2135454038","https://openalex.org/W2135965542","https://openalex.org/W2138146350","https://openalex.org/W2139924560","https://openalex.org/W2147926533","https://openalex.org/W2148831941","https://openalex.org/W2149380925","https://openalex.org/W2157348988","https://openalex.org/W2162639668","https://openalex.org/W2164577583","https://openalex.org/W2170382128","https://openalex.org/W2216132385","https://openalex.org/W2331783522","https://openalex.org/W2345622364","https://openalex.org/W2396622873","https://openalex.org/W2433160560","https://openalex.org/W2433248078","https://openalex.org/W2440264212","https://openalex.org/W2487018225","https://openalex.org/W2516109628","https://openalex.org/W2518281301","https://openalex.org/W2538013655","https://openalex.org/W2538818567","https://openalex.org/W2588600679","https://openalex.org/W2613051255","https://openalex.org/W2613569094","https://openalex.org/W2613989746","https://openalex.org/W2623880136","https://openalex.org/W2750945255","https://openalex.org/W2765234579","https://openalex.org/W2766489088","https://openalex.org/W2769168016","https://openalex.org/W2786091100","https://openalex.org/W2788825665","https://openalex.org/W2789554134","https://openalex.org/W2796212464","https://openalex.org/W2798476846","https://openalex.org/W2801000640","https://openalex.org/W2809295488","https://openalex.org/W2809524490","https://openalex.org/W2900379535","https://openalex.org/W2909180686","https://openalex.org/W2909359939","https://openalex.org/W2913104037","https://openalex.org/W2946017187","https://openalex.org/W2949989598","https://openalex.org/W2950138172","https://openalex.org/W2966470162","https://openalex.org/W2966840517","https://openalex.org/W2967324946","https://openalex.org/W2979663695","https://openalex.org/W2979874885","https://openalex.org/W2986309553","https://openalex.org/W3146326126","https://openalex.org/W3148572984","https://openalex.org/W3155004489","https://openalex.org/W3174581039","https://openalex.org/W4242874873","https://openalex.org/W4245700406","https://openalex.org/W4254901135","https://openalex.org/W6600002382","https://openalex.org/W6601200808","https://openalex.org/W6950159230","https://openalex.org/W6968727692"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3048967625","https://openalex.org/W2056436264","https://openalex.org/W4248614727","https://openalex.org/W2296275612","https://openalex.org/W4243618206","https://openalex.org/W2138825797","https://openalex.org/W4388838049","https://openalex.org/W2057867585","https://openalex.org/W1575240748","https://openalex.org/W2612506697"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"combat":[1],"the":[2,13,38,42,51,68,99,113],"high":[3,122],"energy":[4,128],"costs":[5],"of":[6,25,98,115],"moving":[7],"data":[8,32],"between":[9],"main":[10],"memory":[11,39,48,101,107],"and":[12,46],"CPU,":[14],"recent":[15],"works":[16],"have":[17],"proposed":[18],"to":[19,53,70,88,120,126],"perform":[20,54,89],"processing-using-memory":[21],"(PUM),":[22],"a":[23],"type":[24],"processing-in-memory":[26],"where":[27],"operations":[28],"are":[29],"performed":[30],"on":[31],"in":[33,124],"situ":[34],"(i.e.,":[35],"right":[36],"at":[37],"cells":[40,62],"holding":[41],"data).":[43],"Several":[44],"common":[45,78],"emerging":[47,106],"technologies":[49],"offer":[50],"ability":[52,114],"bitwise":[55],"Boolean":[56,86],"primitive":[57],"functions":[58],"by":[59],"having":[60],"interconnected":[61],"interact":[63],"with":[64],"each":[65],"other,":[66],"eliminating":[67],"need":[69],"use":[71],"discrete":[72],"CMOS":[73],"compute":[74],"units":[75],"for":[76],"several":[77,95],"operations.":[79],"Recent":[80],"PUM":[81],"architectures":[82],"extend":[83],"upon":[84],"these":[85],"primitives":[87],"bit-serial":[90,117],"computation":[91,118],"using":[92],"memory.":[93],"Unfortunately,":[94],"practical":[96],"limitations":[97],"underlying":[100],"devices":[102],"restrict":[103],"how":[104],"large":[105,127],"arrays":[108],"can":[109],"be,":[110],"which":[111],"hinders":[112],"conventional":[116],"approaches":[119],"deliver":[121],"performance":[123],"addition":[125],"savings.":[129]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-03-06T13:50:29.536080","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}