{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3193320751","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3465336.3475101","title":"This Item Might Reinforce Your Opinion: Obfuscation and Labeling of Search Results to Mitigate Confirmation Bias","display_name":"This Item Might Reinforce Your Opinion: Obfuscation and Labeling of Search Results to Mitigate Confirmation Bias","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3193320751","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3465336.3475101","mag":"3193320751"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3465336.3475101","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3465336.3475101","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3465336.3475101","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 32st ACM Conference on Hypertext and Social Media","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3465336.3475101","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048579119","display_name":"Alisa Rieger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2274-1606"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alisa Rieger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019964816","display_name":"Tim Draws","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5053-4674"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tim Draws","raw_affiliation_strings":["Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044106533","display_name":"Mari\u00ebt Theune","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8258-2029"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mari\u00ebt Theune","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001095396","display_name":"Nava Tintarev","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1663-1627"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I34352273","display_name":"Maastricht University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jz4aj89","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nava Tintarev","raw_affiliation_strings":["Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048579119"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":14.0988,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":46,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98767967,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"189","last_page":"199"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12520","display_name":"Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment","score":0.9876000285148621,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12214","display_name":"Media Influence and Health","score":0.9732000231742859,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1208","display_name":"Literature and Literary Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obfuscation","display_name":"Obfuscation","score":0.8550429940223694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.7201338410377502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6820614337921143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crowdsourcing","display_name":"Crowdsourcing","score":0.430254191160202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.4219313859939575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/persuasion","display_name":"Persuasion","score":0.4162033200263977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.40105652809143066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.3444529175758362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.2941437363624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.27874526381492615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.16643831133842468}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40305131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2616305","display_name":"Obfuscation","level":2,"score":0.8550429940223694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.7201338410377502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6820614337921143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62230096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275969","display_name":"Crowdsourcing","level":2,"score":0.430254191160202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.4219313859939575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781310500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1231428","display_name":"Persuasion","level":2,"score":0.4162033200263977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.40105652809143066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3444529175758362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.2941437363624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.27874526381492615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.16643831133842468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3465336.3475101","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3465336.3475101","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3465336.3475101","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 32st ACM Conference on Hypertext and Social Media","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl:openaire/2d220d46-66a3-44b1-95ef-afc81199afe9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl/en/publications/2d220d46-66a3-44b1-95ef-afc81199afe9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402616","display_name":"Research Publications (Maastricht University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I34352273","host_organization_name":"Maastricht University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Rieger, A, Draws, T, Theune, M & Tintarev, N 2021, This Item Might Reinforce Your Opinion: Obfuscation and Labeling of Search Results to Mitigate Confirmation Bias. in Proceedings of the 32nd ACM Conference on Hypertext and Social Media: HyperText '21. Association for Computing Machinery, pp. 189-199, 32nd ACM Conference on Hypertext and Social Media, United States, 30/08/21. https://doi.org/10.1145/3465336.3475101","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ris.utwente.nl:openaire_cris_publications/642cee49-6056-4ae1-a515-0e02a6a2d218","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/642cee49-6056-4ae1-a515-0e02a6a2d218","pdf_url":"https://ris.utwente.nl/ws/files/275104462/Rieger2021this.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922991","display_name":"University of Twente Research Information","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Rieger, A, Draws, T, Theune, M & Tintarev, N 2021, This Item Might Reinforce Your Opinion : Obfuscation and Labeling of Search Results to Mitigate Confirmation Bias. in HT '21 : Proceedings of the 32nd ACM Conference on Hypertext and Social Media. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, pp. 189-199, 32nd ACM Conference on Hypertext and Social Media, HT 2021, Virtual, Online, Ireland, 30/08/21. https://doi.org/10.1145/3465336.3475101","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:5902611","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/5902611","pdf_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/5902611","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferencePaper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ris.utwente.nl:publications/642cee49-6056-4ae1-a515-0e02a6a2d218","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85114764718&partnerID=8YFLogxK","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922991","display_name":"University of Twente Research Information","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""},{"id":"pmh:oai:tudelft.nl:uuid:b56aa107-7a60-47f4-b109-ea2075e31b77","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:b56aa107-7a60-47f4-b109-ea2075e31b77","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400906","display_name":"Research Repository (Delft University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","host_organization_name":"Delft University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"conference paper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3465336.3475101","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3465336.3475101","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3465336.3475101","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 32st ACM Conference on Hypertext and Social Media","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3376034079","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"860621","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G75763334","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"86062","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3193320751.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3193320751.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W108638770","https://openalex.org/W260994251","https://openalex.org/W1532008752","https://openalex.org/W1539896512","https://openalex.org/W1587026990","https://openalex.org/W1810028515","https://openalex.org/W1971070829","https://openalex.org/W1980465937","https://openalex.org/W1985575435","https://openalex.org/W1994891823","https://openalex.org/W2023794141","https://openalex.org/W2056166734","https://openalex.org/W2056509756","https://openalex.org/W2061194197","https://openalex.org/W2061504941","https://openalex.org/W2075585362","https://openalex.org/W2116926372","https://openalex.org/W2119758323","https://openalex.org/W2136217167","https://openalex.org/W2140484261","https://openalex.org/W2141627821","https://openalex.org/W2159292941","https://openalex.org/W2198003789","https://openalex.org/W2262972580","https://openalex.org/W2315785670","https://openalex.org/W2332016763","https://openalex.org/W2416868893","https://openalex.org/W2582743722","https://openalex.org/W2591954274","https://openalex.org/W2604916896","https://openalex.org/W2615743557","https://openalex.org/W2616605651","https://openalex.org/W2798359936","https://openalex.org/W2894604123","https://openalex.org/W2906194767","https://openalex.org/W2913709485","https://openalex.org/W2941486823","https://openalex.org/W2954145153","https://openalex.org/W2965501349","https://openalex.org/W3004975108","https://openalex.org/W3033317208","https://openalex.org/W3040472729","https://openalex.org/W3043143255","https://openalex.org/W3080472464","https://openalex.org/W3088292207","https://openalex.org/W3097281049","https://openalex.org/W3118590254","https://openalex.org/W3120501274","https://openalex.org/W3121274724","https://openalex.org/W3122594232","https://openalex.org/W3125913709","https://openalex.org/W3130223572","https://openalex.org/W3132096896","https://openalex.org/W3165596704","https://openalex.org/W3180044136","https://openalex.org/W4230577094","https://openalex.org/W4241136150"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3032998312","https://openalex.org/W135177976","https://openalex.org/W4384486036","https://openalex.org/W1503094549","https://openalex.org/W2337920774","https://openalex.org/W4286908577","https://openalex.org/W2886410948","https://openalex.org/W2025875869","https://openalex.org/W4318823662","https://openalex.org/W3207526114"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"During":[0],"online":[1],"information":[2,168],"search,":[3],"users":[4,161],"tend":[5],"to":[6,120,130,217],"select":[7],"search":[8,60,114,157],"results":[9],"that":[10,95,106],"confirm":[11],"previous":[12],"beliefs":[13],"and":[14,51,81,103],"ignore":[15],"competing":[16],"possibilities.":[17],"This":[18],"systematic":[19],"pattern":[20],"in":[21,104],"human":[22],"behavior":[23],"is":[24,118,128],"known":[25],"as":[26,152,178,200],"confirmation":[27,184],"bias.":[28],"In":[29],"this":[30],"paper,":[31],"we":[32],"study":[33,69],"the":[34,40,43,52,125,131,137,141,179,207,210],"effect":[35,53,127],"of":[36,54,76,84,98,124,134,155,167,181,196,209],"obfuscation":[37,77,99,108],"(i.e.,":[38],"hiding":[39],"result":[41],"unless":[42],"user":[44,68,101],"clicks":[45],"on":[46,56],"it)":[47],"with":[48,58,112,192],"warning":[49,138],"labels":[50],"task":[55,85,142],"interaction":[57,111],"attitude-confirming":[59,113,156],"results.":[61,115],"We":[62,93,144,170,190],"conducted":[63],"a":[64,163,193],"preregistered,":[65],"between-subjects":[66],"crowdsourced":[67],"(N=328)":[70],"comparing":[71],"six":[72],"groups:":[73],"three":[74],"levels":[75,83],"(targeted,":[78],"random,":[79],"none)":[80],"two":[82,87],"(joint,":[86],"separate)":[88],"for":[89,174,183,206],"four":[90],"debated":[91],"topics.":[92],"found":[94],"both":[96],"types":[97],"influence":[100,133],"interactions,":[102],"particular":[105],"targeted":[107],"helps":[109],"decrease":[110],"Future":[116],"work":[117],"needed":[119],"understand":[121],"how":[122],"much":[123],"observed":[126],"due":[129],"strong":[132,194],"obfuscation,":[135],"versus":[136,159],"label":[139],"or":[140],"design.":[143],"discuss":[145,172],"design":[146],"guidelines":[147],"concerning":[148],"system":[149],"goals":[150],"such":[151,177,199],"decreasing":[153],"consumption":[154],"results,":[158],"nudging":[160],"toward":[162],"more":[164],"analytical":[165],"mode":[166],"processing.":[169],"also":[171],"implications":[173],"future":[175],"work,":[176],"effects":[180],"interventions":[182],"bias":[185],"mitigation":[186],"over":[187],"repeated":[188],"exposure.":[189],"conclude":[191],"word":[195],"caution:":[197],"measures":[198],"obfuscations":[201],"should":[202],"only":[203],"be":[204],"used":[205],"benefit":[208],"user,":[211],"e.g.,":[212],"when":[213],"they":[214],"explicitly":[215],"consent":[216],"mitigating":[218],"their":[219],"own":[220],"biases.":[221]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-17T08:19:37.847499","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}