{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3184775842","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3462757.3466094","title":"A dataset for evaluating legal question answering on private international law","display_name":"A dataset for evaluating legal question answering on private international law","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3184775842","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3462757.3466094","mag":"3184775842"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3462757.3466094","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3462757.3466094","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Eighteenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3462757.3466094","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056310041","display_name":"Francesco Sovrano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6285-1041"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Sovrano","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Bologna, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001308754","display_name":"Monica Palmirani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8557-8084"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Monica Palmirani","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Bologna, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049267507","display_name":"Biagio Distefano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7788-1836"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129774422","display_name":"University of Vienna","ror":"https://ror.org/03prydq77","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129774422"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Biagio Distefano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e4t Wien, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e4t Wien, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129774422"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041867183","display_name":"Salvatore Sapienza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5429-5217"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Salvatore Sapienza","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Bologna, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029129300","display_name":"Fabio Vitali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7562-5203"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fabio Vitali","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Bologna, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056310041"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.0188,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95450036,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"230","last_page":"234"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10456","display_name":"Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9832000136375427,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6411049365997314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5436711311340332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/question-answering","display_name":"Question answering","score":0.525043249130249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legal-research","display_name":"Legal research","score":0.4797571897506714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.4335938096046448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legislature","display_name":"Legislature","score":0.4146490693092346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.37663745880126953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3169947862625122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.303635835647583}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6411049365997314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5436711311340332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44291984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074173","display_name":"Question answering","level":2,"score":0.525043249130249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522695570","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6517578","display_name":"Legal research","level":2,"score":0.4797571897506714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.4335938096046448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83009810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11204","display_name":"Legislature","level":2,"score":0.4146490693092346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.37663745880126953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3169947862625122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.303635835647583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3462757.3466094","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3462757.3466094","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Eighteenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:doi:10.5167/uzh-263832","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cris.unibo.it:11585/829241","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3462757.3466094","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402579","display_name":"Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210117483","host_organization_name":"Istituto di Ematologia di Bologna","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117483"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:cris.unibo.it:11585/829241","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3462757.3466094","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402579","display_name":"Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210117483","host_organization_name":"Istituto di Ematologia di Bologna","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117483"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.7699999809265137,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323553","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 di Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1993089327","https://openalex.org/W2005949547","https://openalex.org/W2309293868","https://openalex.org/W2493755710","https://openalex.org/W2885101771","https://openalex.org/W2903938540"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3157284875","https://openalex.org/W2259406085","https://openalex.org/W2099715052","https://openalex.org/W2147241511","https://openalex.org/W4226247999","https://openalex.org/W4213176082","https://openalex.org/W2187398150","https://openalex.org/W3209772662","https://openalex.org/W4200629926","https://openalex.org/W4220955952"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"International":[0],"Private":[1],"Law":[2],"(PIL)":[3],"is":[4,94,102,128],"a":[5,35,75,96,111,176],"complex":[6],"legal":[7,18,20,45,92,100,172],"domain":[8],"that":[9],"presents":[10],"frequent":[11],"conflicting":[12],"norms":[13,58],"between":[14,37],"the":[15,23,31,57,67,126,136,155,183],"hierarchy":[16],"of":[17,69,125,139,159,185],"sources,":[19,51],"domains,":[21],"and":[22,39,59,65,105,178],"adopted":[24],"procedures.":[25],"Scientific":[26],"research":[27],"on":[28,151,171,189],"PIL":[29,156],"reveals":[30],"need":[32],"to":[33,48,54,60,78,121,130,133,144,167],"create":[34],"bridge":[36],"European":[38],"national":[40],"laws.":[41],"In":[42,162],"this":[43,163],"context,":[44],"experts":[46],"have":[47],"access":[49],"heterogeneous":[50],"being":[52],"able":[53],"recall":[55],"all":[56],"combine":[61],"them":[62],"using":[63],"case-laws":[64],"following":[66],"principles":[68],"interpretation":[70],"theory.":[71],"This":[72,141],"clearly":[73],"poses":[74],"daunting":[76],"challenge":[77],"humans,":[79],"whenever":[80],"Regulations":[81],"change":[82],"frequently":[83],"or":[84],"are":[85],"big-enough":[86],"in":[87,106],"size.":[88],"Automated":[89],"reasoning":[90],"over":[91],"texts":[93],"not":[95],"trivial":[97],"task,":[98],"because":[99,158],"language":[101,119],"very":[103],"specific":[104],"many":[107],"ways":[108],"different":[109],"from":[110],"commonly":[112],"used":[113],"natural":[114],"language.":[115],"When":[116],"applying":[117],"state-of-the-art":[118,146],"models":[120],"legalese":[122],"understanding,":[123],"one":[124],"challenges":[127],"always":[129],"figure":[131],"how":[132],"optimally":[134],"use":[135],"available":[137],"amount":[138],"data.":[140],"makes":[142],"hard":[143],"apply":[145],"sub-symbolic":[147],"question":[148,173,187],"answering":[149,188],"algorithms":[150],"legislative":[152],"texts,":[153],"especially":[154],"ones,":[157],"data":[160],"scarcity.":[161],"paper":[164],"we":[165],"try":[166],"expand":[168],"previous":[169],"works":[170],"answering,":[174],"publishing":[175],"larger":[177],"more":[179],"curated":[180],"dataset":[181],"for":[182],"evaluation":[184],"automated":[186],"PIL.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
