{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3185661711","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3462757.3466083","title":"Converting copyright legislation into machine-executable code","display_name":"Converting copyright legislation into machine-executable code","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3185661711","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3462757.3466083","mag":"3185661711"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3462757.3466083","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3462757.3466083","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Eighteenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10072/407702","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003211300","display_name":"Alice Witt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0505-422X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160993911","display_name":"Queensland University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03pnv4752","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alice Witt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038746222","display_name":"Anna Huggins","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1634-3505"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160993911","display_name":"Queensland University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03pnv4752","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anna Huggins","raw_affiliation_strings":["Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058360953","display_name":"Guido Governatori","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9878-2762"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42894916","display_name":"Data61","ror":"https://ror.org/03q397159","country_code":"AU","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I42894916","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guido Governatori","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data61, Dutton Park, Queensland, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data61, Dutton Park, Queensland, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42894916"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061129271","display_name":"Joshua Buckley","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42894916","display_name":"Data61","ror":"https://ror.org/03q397159","country_code":"AU","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I42894916","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joshua Buckley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data61, Dutton Park, Queensland, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data61, Dutton Park, Queensland, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42894916"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5003211300"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.8466,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96072652,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"139","last_page":"148"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13851","display_name":"Law, AI, and Intellectual Property","score":0.9908999800682068,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12034","display_name":"Digital and Cyber Forensics","score":0.9623000025749207,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/executable","display_name":"Executable","score":0.7583953142166138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statutory-interpretation","display_name":"Statutory interpretation","score":0.7382131814956665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statutory-law","display_name":"Statutory law","score":0.6705492734909058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legislation","display_name":"Legislation","score":0.6358561515808105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6278349161148071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","score":0.5837802290916443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/judicial-interpretation","display_name":"Judicial interpretation","score":0.4673148989677429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretation","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","score":0.4077257812023163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.31083717942237854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.25764667987823486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.2507690489292145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.21408122777938843}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160145156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778586","display_name":"Executable","level":2,"score":0.7583953142166138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779204856","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q779439","display_name":"Statutory interpretation","level":3,"score":0.7382131814956665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158129432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7766927","display_name":"Statutory law","level":2,"score":0.6705492734909058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777351106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49371","display_name":"Legislation","level":2,"score":0.6358561515808105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6278349161148071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.5837802290916443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780219900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1331848","display_name":"Judicial interpretation","level":2,"score":0.4673148989677429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527412718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855395","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4077257812023163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.31083717942237854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.25764667987823486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.2507690489292145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.21408122777938843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3462757.3466083","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3462757.3466083","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Eighteenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.qut.edu.au:211550","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402607","display_name":"QUT ePrints (Queensland University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I160993911","host_organization_name":"Queensland University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ICAIL '21: Proceedings of the Eighteenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law","raw_type":"Chapter in Book, Report or Conference volume"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research-repository.griffith.edu.au:10072/407702","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10072/407702","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402548","display_name":"Griffith Research Online (Griffith University, Queensland, Australia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I11701301","host_organization_name":"Griffith University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11701301"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference output"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:research-repository.griffith.edu.au:10072/407702","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10072/407702","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402548","display_name":"Griffith Research Online (Griffith University, Queensland, Australia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I11701301","host_organization_name":"Griffith University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11701301"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference output"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5799999833106995,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W15046569","https://openalex.org/W102938656","https://openalex.org/W1986788852","https://openalex.org/W2098791425","https://openalex.org/W2106969111","https://openalex.org/W2203779804","https://openalex.org/W2273398556","https://openalex.org/W2788407519","https://openalex.org/W2811082131","https://openalex.org/W2891272303","https://openalex.org/W2908432809","https://openalex.org/W2917932555","https://openalex.org/W2948056181","https://openalex.org/W2950277824","https://openalex.org/W3008410007","https://openalex.org/W3010918560","https://openalex.org/W3079130282","https://openalex.org/W3092738928","https://openalex.org/W3092910379","https://openalex.org/W3106418261","https://openalex.org/W3173717159","https://openalex.org/W4253257334","https://openalex.org/W4285674970","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6687789606","https://openalex.org/W6774572656","https://openalex.org/W6788230979"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2275975929","https://openalex.org/W3125671227","https://openalex.org/W2151278983","https://openalex.org/W3122596263","https://openalex.org/W2530545140","https://openalex.org/W3097227326","https://openalex.org/W2263056262","https://openalex.org/W2607746069","https://openalex.org/W2597434883","https://openalex.org/W2280278256"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"critical":[1],"challenge":[2],"in":[3,166,186,199],"\"Rules":[4],"as":[5,151],"Code\"":[6],"(\"RaC\")":[7],"initiatives":[8,201],"is":[9],"enhancing":[10,152,187],"legal":[11,57,146,207],"accuracy.":[12],"In":[13],"this":[14],"paper,":[15],"we":[16,85,118,149],"present":[17],"the":[18,69,93,108,155,159,163,169,188,197],"preliminary":[19],"results":[20],"of":[21,25,71,80,95,104,110,128,145,162,190],"a":[22,78],"two-week,":[23],"first":[24],"its":[26],"kind":[27],"experiment":[28],"that":[29,51,177],"aims":[30],"to":[31,137,172],"shed":[32],"light":[33],"on":[34,55,115,133],"how":[35],"different":[36],"legally":[37],"trained":[38],"people":[39],"interpret":[40],"and":[41,106,141,143,158,212],"convert":[42],"Australian":[43],"Commonwealth":[44],"legislation":[45],"into":[46],"machine-executable":[47],"code.":[48],"We":[49,175,193],"find":[50],"coders":[52],"collaboratively":[53],"agreeing":[54],"key":[56],"terms,":[58],"or":[59],"atoms,":[60],"before":[61],"commencing":[62],"independent":[63],"coding":[64,112,139],"work":[65],"can":[66],"significantly":[67],"increase":[68],"similarity":[70],"their":[72],"encoded":[73,99,129,156,191],"rules.":[74,192],"Participants":[75],"nonetheless":[76],"made":[77],"range":[79],"divergent":[81],"interpretive":[82],"choices,":[83],"which":[84,131,148],"argue":[86,176],"are":[87,180],"most":[88],"likely":[89],"due":[90],"to:":[91],"(1)":[92],"complexity":[94],"statutory":[96,164,173,210],"interpretation,":[97],"(2)":[98],"provisions":[100,157],"having":[101],"varying":[102],"levels":[103],"granularity,":[105],"(3)":[107],"functionality":[109],"our":[111],"language.":[113],"Based":[114],"these":[116,178],"findings,":[117],"draw":[119],"an":[120],"important":[121,185],"distinction":[122],"between":[123,154],"processes":[124,144,179],"for":[125,202],"technical":[126,213],"validation":[127],"rules,":[130],"focus":[132],"ensuring":[134],"rules":[135],"adhere":[136],"select":[138],"languages":[140],"conventions,":[142],"alignment,":[147],"conceptualise":[150],"congruence":[153],"true":[160],"meaning":[161],"text":[165],"line":[167],"with":[168],"modern":[170],"approach":[171],"interpretation.":[174],"distinct":[181],"but":[182],"both":[183],"critically":[184],"accuracy":[189],"conclude":[194],"by":[195],"emphasising":[196],"need":[198],"RaC":[200],"multi-disciplinary":[203],"expertise":[204],"across":[205],"specific":[206],"subject":[208],"matters,":[209],"interpretation":[211],"programming.":[214]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-25T13:04:00.132906","created_date":"2021-08-02T00:00:00"}
