{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3205722229","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3462244.3479943","title":"What's Fair is Fair: Detecting and Mitigating Encoded Bias in Multimodal Models of Museum Visitor Attention","display_name":"What's Fair is Fair: Detecting and Mitigating Encoded Bias in Multimodal Models of Museum Visitor Attention","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3205722229","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3462244.3479943","mag":"3205722229"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3462244.3479943","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3462244.3479943","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2021 International Conference on Multimodal Interaction","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007372260","display_name":"Halim Acosta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3993-2425"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Halim Acosta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, North Carolina State University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, North Carolina State University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018158964","display_name":"Nathan Henderson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8092-9546"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nathan Henderson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, North Carolina State University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, North Carolina State University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085880418","display_name":"Jonathan Rowe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2038-9239"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan Rowe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, North Carolina State University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, North Carolina State University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074725004","display_name":"Wookhee Min","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8900-0514"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wookhee Min","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, North Carolina State University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, North Carolina State University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086752566","display_name":"James Minogue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1644-7697"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James Minogue","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina State University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074470380","display_name":"James C. Lester","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1481-6601"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James Lester","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, North Carolina State University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, North Carolina State University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5007372260"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1921,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.49794118,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"258","last_page":"267"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12650","display_name":"Aesthetic Perception and Analysis","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11094","display_name":"Face Recognition and Perception","score":0.9884999990463257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visitor-pattern","display_name":"Visitor pattern","score":0.8378814458847046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7562584280967712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/debiasing","display_name":"Debiasing","score":0.6362476348876953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5541008114814758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4999711513519287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modalities","display_name":"Modalities","score":0.49860548973083496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modality","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","score":0.48686474561691284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.378221333026886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.37442049384117126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.13582292199134827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.10001474618911743}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48947383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830719","display_name":"Visitor pattern","level":2,"score":0.8378814458847046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7562584280967712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779458634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24963715","display_name":"Debiasing","level":2,"score":0.6362476348876953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5541008114814758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4999711513519287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779903281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888026","display_name":"Modalities","level":2,"score":0.49860548973083496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780226545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888030","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","level":2,"score":0.48686474561691284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.378221333026886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.37442049384117126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.13582292199134827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.10001474618911743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3462244.3479943","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3462244.3479943","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2021 International Conference on Multimodal Interaction","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8854466188","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DRL-1713545","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W173363075","https://openalex.org/W1128820364","https://openalex.org/W1495082735","https://openalex.org/W1979214803","https://openalex.org/W1979531823","https://openalex.org/W1985867508","https://openalex.org/W1999778833","https://openalex.org/W2016649093","https://openalex.org/W2070849542","https://openalex.org/W2078064043","https://openalex.org/W2116984840","https://openalex.org/W2162670686","https://openalex.org/W2296609965","https://openalex.org/W2310875235","https://openalex.org/W2395639500","https://openalex.org/W2471216775","https://openalex.org/W2514982113","https://openalex.org/W2561675875","https://openalex.org/W2599025709","https://openalex.org/W2604740468","https://openalex.org/W2619383789","https://openalex.org/W2732301027","https://openalex.org/W2766784507","https://openalex.org/W2771004121","https://openalex.org/W2788416960","https://openalex.org/W2790744245","https://openalex.org/W2895444900","https://openalex.org/W2895471314","https://openalex.org/W2895475421","https://openalex.org/W2895559961","https://openalex.org/W2903995489","https://openalex.org/W2913668833","https://openalex.org/W2914927888","https://openalex.org/W2915273119","https://openalex.org/W2963104135","https://openalex.org/W2963917042","https://openalex.org/W2966337615","https://openalex.org/W2969896603","https://openalex.org/W2981101532","https://openalex.org/W3028820554","https://openalex.org/W3033733989","https://openalex.org/W3041268394","https://openalex.org/W3094547934","https://openalex.org/W3212751556","https://openalex.org/W4287901611","https://openalex.org/W4308222375","https://openalex.org/W6769082446"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W73545470","https://openalex.org/W4224266612","https://openalex.org/W2383394264","https://openalex.org/W4320153225","https://openalex.org/W4293261942","https://openalex.org/W3125968744","https://openalex.org/W2004831463","https://openalex.org/W2167701463","https://openalex.org/W2110287964","https://openalex.org/W2980881520"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"years":[1],"have":[2],"seen":[3],"growing":[4,22],"interest":[5],"in":[6,10,31,51,75],"modeling":[7],"visitor":[8,56,79,90,137,155,185],"engagement":[9],"museums":[11],"with":[12,83,92],"multimodal":[13,52,76,136,182],"learning":[14,33,116],"analytics.":[15],"In":[16,35],"parallel,":[17],"there":[18,160],"has":[19],"also":[20,119],"been":[21],"concern":[23],"about":[24,97],"issues":[25,47],"of":[26,48,54,78,103,111,123,144,184],"fairness":[27,50],"and":[28,42,86,130,159,169],"encoded":[29,72],"bias":[30,40,73,105,145],"machine":[32,115],"models.":[34,139],"this":[36],"paper,":[37],"we":[38],"investigate":[39,101],"detection":[41],"mitigation":[43],"techniques":[44],"to":[45,70,133,177],"address":[46],"algorithmic":[49],"models":[53,77,183],"museum":[55,95],"visual":[57,80,156,186],"attention.":[58],"We":[59,100,118],"employ":[60],"slicing":[61],"analysis":[62],"using":[63],"the":[64,121,134,153],"Absolute":[65],"Between-ROC":[66],"Area":[67],"(ABROCA)":[68],"statistic":[69],"detect":[71],"present":[74],"attention":[81,138,157,187],"trained":[82,135],"facial":[84],"expression":[85],"posture":[87],"data":[88],"from":[89],"interactions":[91],"a":[93],"game-based":[94],"exhibit":[96],"environmental":[98],"sustainability.":[99],"instances":[102],"gender":[104],"that":[106,142,173],"arise":[107,147],"between":[108,166],"different":[109,125,149,154],"combinations":[110,151],"modalities":[112],"across":[113,148],"several":[114],"techniques.":[117],"measure":[120],"effectiveness":[122],"two":[124],"debiasing":[126,174],"strategies\u2014learned":[127],"fair":[128],"representations":[129],"reweighing\u2014when":[131],"applied":[132],"Results":[140],"indicate":[141],"patterns":[143],"can":[146],"modality":[150],"for":[152],"models,":[158],"is":[161],"often":[162],"an":[163],"inherent":[164],"tradeoff":[165],"predictive":[167],"accuracy":[168],"ABROCA.":[170],"Analyses":[171],"suggest":[172],"strategies":[175],"tend":[176],"be":[178],"more":[179],"effective":[180],"on":[181],"than":[188],"their":[189],"unimodal":[190],"counterparts":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
