{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3174144098","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3461778.3462084","title":"Coding Bias in the Use of Behavior Management Technologies: Uncovering Socio-technical Consequences of Data-driven Surveillance in Classrooms","display_name":"Coding Bias in the Use of Behavior Management Technologies: Uncovering Socio-technical Consequences of Data-driven Surveillance in Classrooms","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3174144098","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3461778.3462084","mag":"3174144098"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3461778.3462084","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3461778.3462084","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3461778.3462084","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Designing Interactive Systems Conference 2021","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3461778.3462084","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028628445","display_name":"Alex Jiahong Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0093-8176"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111179","display_name":"Michigan United","ror":"https://ror.org/0291ys696","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111179"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alex Jiahong Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information University of Michigan, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information University of Michigan, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315","https://openalex.org/I4210111179"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049520222","display_name":"Gabriela Marcu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7150-5784"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111179","display_name":"Michigan United","ror":"https://ror.org/0291ys696","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111179"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gabriela Marcu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information University of Michigan, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information University of Michigan, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315","https://openalex.org/I4210111179"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050184396","display_name":"Mark S. Ackerman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9727-1664"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark S. Ackerman","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information, Dept. of EECS, and Dept. of Learning Health Sciences University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information, Dept. of EECS, and Dept. of Learning Health Sciences University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005890680","display_name":"Tawanna R. Dillahunt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1155-8507"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111179","display_name":"Michigan United","ror":"https://ror.org/0291ys696","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111179"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tawanna R Dillahunt","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information University of Michigan, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information University of Michigan, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315","https://openalex.org/I4210111179"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5028628445"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315","https://openalex.org/I4210111179"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.0255,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97483543,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"508","last_page":"522"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12060","display_name":"Child Development and Digital Technology","score":0.8808000087738037,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12060","display_name":"Child Development and Digital Technology","score":0.8808000087738037,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10485","display_name":"Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression","score":0.8296999931335449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10826","display_name":"Behavioral and Psychological Studies","score":0.7620999813079834,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","score":0.6400485038757324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.62171471118927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.4895797669887543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.120074063539505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08441036939620972}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.6400485038757324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.62171471118927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.4895797669887543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.120074063539505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08441036939620972}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3461778.3462084","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3461778.3462084","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3461778.3462084","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Designing Interactive Systems Conference 2021","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3461778.3462084","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3461778.3462084","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3461778.3462084","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Designing Interactive Systems Conference 2021","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.4699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1254699669","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1816319","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1901102246","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IIS-1816319","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3174144098.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3174144098.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":81,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W234765028","https://openalex.org/W393765236","https://openalex.org/W573791239","https://openalex.org/W1502678715","https://openalex.org/W1514552622","https://openalex.org/W1547744861","https://openalex.org/W1588262961","https://openalex.org/W1870458811","https://openalex.org/W1973650481","https://openalex.org/W1978694902","https://openalex.org/W1989630473","https://openalex.org/W1996048350","https://openalex.org/W2005632712","https://openalex.org/W2006447892","https://openalex.org/W2013897994","https://openalex.org/W2018160507","https://openalex.org/W2019187285","https://openalex.org/W2039308699","https://openalex.org/W2040731788","https://openalex.org/W2058369180","https://openalex.org/W2075585362","https://openalex.org/W2091100176","https://openalex.org/W2109484061","https://openalex.org/W2112276116","https://openalex.org/W2115140422","https://openalex.org/W2134788731","https://openalex.org/W2140420369","https://openalex.org/W2147091524","https://openalex.org/W2170518570","https://openalex.org/W2236328253","https://openalex.org/W2288993586","https://openalex.org/W2294753915","https://openalex.org/W2327616219","https://openalex.org/W2400795199","https://openalex.org/W2419068286","https://openalex.org/W2425977358","https://openalex.org/W2477154030","https://openalex.org/W2546112086","https://openalex.org/W2552372952","https://openalex.org/W2573400105","https://openalex.org/W2588008725","https://openalex.org/W2589022383","https://openalex.org/W2611176525","https://openalex.org/W2624629148","https://openalex.org/W2747547340","https://openalex.org/W2780646356","https://openalex.org/W2796402109","https://openalex.org/W2800619444","https://openalex.org/W2800635800","https://openalex.org/W2801816216","https://openalex.org/W2891013137","https://openalex.org/W2901481055","https://openalex.org/W2904152174","https://openalex.org/W2904326656","https://openalex.org/W2940734236","https://openalex.org/W2941655157","https://openalex.org/W2942399136","https://openalex.org/W2942448577","https://openalex.org/W2950504429","https://openalex.org/W2951639479","https://openalex.org/W2952791364","https://openalex.org/W2953526465","https://openalex.org/W2955890194","https://openalex.org/W2972559661","https://openalex.org/W2985936223","https://openalex.org/W2986331430","https://openalex.org/W2988408729","https://openalex.org/W2989418653","https://openalex.org/W2989559897","https://openalex.org/W2996844929","https://openalex.org/W2997343831","https://openalex.org/W3003646990","https://openalex.org/W3031491310","https://openalex.org/W3038479367","https://openalex.org/W3040128422","https://openalex.org/W3112301535","https://openalex.org/W3161168394","https://openalex.org/W4231736063","https://openalex.org/W4239318442","https://openalex.org/W4253996635","https://openalex.org/W4390091824"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Digital":[0],"educational":[1,148],"technologies":[2],"have":[3],"been":[4],"employed":[5],"in":[6,13,19,32,73,119],"classrooms":[7],"to":[8,43],"collect":[9],"students\u2019":[10],"behavioral":[11],"data":[12],"the":[14,27,69,77,82,89,122,136],"hope":[15],"of":[16,29,39,49,63,71,79,84,124],"supporting":[17],"teachers":[18,42],"identifying":[20],"and":[21,47,87,98,117,128,139,145,156,159],"correcting":[22],"undesirable":[23],"behaviors,":[24],"which":[25],"raises":[26],"concern":[28],"heightened":[30],"surveillance":[31],"classrooms.":[33],"We":[34,108],"present":[35],"a":[36,52,61,103],"qualitative":[37],"study":[38],"20":[40],"K-8":[41],"understand":[44],"their":[45],"experiences":[46],"practices":[48],"using":[50,146],"ClassDojo,":[51],"data-driven":[53],"classroom":[54],"behavior":[55,97],"management":[56],"intervention.":[57],"Our":[58],"analysis":[59],"reveals":[60],"series":[62],"unintended":[64,131],"socio-technical":[65],"effects":[66],"resulting":[67],"from":[68],"use":[70,78],"ClassDojo":[72,80],"practice.":[74],"In":[75],"particular,":[76],"runs":[81],"risk":[83],"measuring,":[85],"codifying,":[86],"simplifying":[88],"nuanced":[90],"psycho-social":[91],"factors":[92],"that":[93],"may":[94],"drive":[95],"children\u2019s":[96],"performance,":[99],"thereby":[100],"serving":[101],"as":[102],"\u201cBand-Aid\u201d":[104],"for":[105,143],"deeper":[106],"issues.":[107],"discuss":[109],"how":[110],"this":[111],"process":[112],"could":[113],"perpetuate":[114],"existing":[115],"inequality":[116],"bias":[118],"education.":[120],"With":[121],"goals":[123],"spurring":[125],"future":[126,147],"design":[127],"mitigating":[129],"these":[130],"effects,":[132],"we":[133],"take":[134],"on":[135],"reflexive-interventionist":[137],"approach":[138],"propose":[140],"three":[141],"considerations":[142],"designing":[144],"technologies:":[149],"1)":[150],"provide":[151],"context,":[152],"2)":[153],"expose":[154],"bias,":[155],"3)":[157],"challenge":[158],"reimagine":[160],"what":[161],"is":[162],"normal.":[163]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}