{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3191386636","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3461702.3462556","title":"Machine Learning and the Meaning of Equal Treatment","display_name":"Machine Learning and the Meaning of Equal Treatment","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3191386636","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3461702.3462556","mag":"3191386636"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3461702.3462556","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3461702.3462556","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2021 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3461702.3462556","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040215336","display_name":"Joshua Simons","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801851002","display_name":"Harvard University Press","ror":"https://ror.org/006v7bf86","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I2801851002"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Joshua Simons","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801851002"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059312283","display_name":"Sophia Adams Bhatti","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sophia Adams Bhatti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wavelength Law, Cambridge, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wavelength Law, Cambridge, United Kingdom","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042278493","display_name":"Adrian Weller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1915-7158"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128584","display_name":"The Alan Turing Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/035dkdb55","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128584"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adrian Weller","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Cambridge & The Alan Turing Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cambridge & The Alan Turing Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128584","https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5040215336"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801851002"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9143,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87394366,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"956","last_page":"966"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13851","display_name":"Law, AI, and Intellectual Property","score":0.9689000248908997,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10802","display_name":"Judicial and Constitutional Studies","score":0.9304999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normative","display_name":"Normative","score":0.6581858396530151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outcome","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","score":0.6519233584403992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/status-quo","display_name":"Status quo","score":0.5790524482727051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disadvantage","display_name":"Disadvantage","score":0.5639115571975708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-justice","display_name":"Economic Justice","score":0.5604422688484192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4959453046321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4927389919757843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4708637297153473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/government","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","score":0.46629661321640015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corporate-governance","display_name":"Corporate governance","score":0.43931037187576294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meaning","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","score":0.4185337424278259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3884449303150177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.3497127294540405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.3402085602283478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.29589229822158813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.23608598113059998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.18773487210273743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microeconomics","display_name":"Microeconomics","score":0.11493945121765137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management","display_name":"Management","score":0.11368736624717712}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44725695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288156","display_name":"Normative","level":2,"score":0.6581858396530151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148220186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7111912","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","level":2,"score":0.6519233584403992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776748549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201610","display_name":"Status quo","level":2,"score":0.5790524482727051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777673361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5281228","display_name":"Disadvantage","level":2,"score":0.5639115571975708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139621336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3190382","display_name":"Economic Justice","level":2,"score":0.5604422688484192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4959453046321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4927389919757843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4708637297153473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.46629661321640015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.43931037187576294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780876879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3054749","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","level":2,"score":0.4185337424278259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3884449303150177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3497127294540405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3402085602283478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.29589229822158813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.23608598113059998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.18773487210273743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.11493945121765137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.11368736624717712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3461702.3462556","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3461702.3462556","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2021 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3461702.3462556","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3461702.3462556","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2021 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.6100000143051147}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1577515033","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/V025279/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8597009950","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/N510129/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":90,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W137876240","https://openalex.org/W168626223","https://openalex.org/W564997640","https://openalex.org/W625875493","https://openalex.org/W1519959893","https://openalex.org/W1537596977","https://openalex.org/W1541249774","https://openalex.org/W1544282730","https://openalex.org/W1545836880","https://openalex.org/W1563242921","https://openalex.org/W1604305447","https://openalex.org/W1607582521","https://openalex.org/W1819662813","https://openalex.org/W1883051710","https://openalex.org/W1974585322","https://openalex.org/W1999717790","https://openalex.org/W2014352947","https://openalex.org/W2022995766","https://openalex.org/W2026019770","https://openalex.org/W2028342243","https://openalex.org/W2036190777","https://openalex.org/W2061596374","https://openalex.org/W2100960835","https://openalex.org/W2124834391","https://openalex.org/W2131199069","https://openalex.org/W2150997454","https://openalex.org/W2159549133","https://openalex.org/W2161391364","https://openalex.org/W2165395918","https://openalex.org/W2185637430","https://openalex.org/W2205946406","https://openalex.org/W2267290586","https://openalex.org/W2293303240","https://openalex.org/W2301350321","https://openalex.org/W2315187676","https://openalex.org/W2324429146","https://openalex.org/W2462162570","https://openalex.org/W2484782145","https://openalex.org/W2520236492","https://openalex.org/W2540757487","https://openalex.org/W2591040615","https://openalex.org/W2608377377","https://openalex.org/W2614244338","https://openalex.org/W2732560823","https://openalex.org/W2790404438","https://openalex.org/W2792934256","https://openalex.org/W2793260513","https://openalex.org/W2796141164","https://openalex.org/W2801104901","https://openalex.org/W2802594920","https://openalex.org/W2807714516","https://openalex.org/W2885659818","https://openalex.org/W2897154134","https://openalex.org/W2897702578","https://openalex.org/W2902994642","https://openalex.org/W2908972364","https://openalex.org/W2913893751","https://openalex.org/W2927639528","https://openalex.org/W2945776595","https://openalex.org/W2950068534","https://openalex.org/W2960744125","https://openalex.org/W2962753953","https://openalex.org/W2964031043","https://openalex.org/W2964240233","https://openalex.org/W3001553940","https://openalex.org/W3013300757","https://openalex.org/W3023309920","https://openalex.org/W3048253689","https://openalex.org/W3048395384","https://openalex.org/W3121814053","https://openalex.org/W3122382384","https://openalex.org/W3123078153","https://openalex.org/W3123169803","https://openalex.org/W3123374861","https://openalex.org/W3123847197","https://openalex.org/W3124687476","https://openalex.org/W3125328400","https://openalex.org/W3157186409","https://openalex.org/W3162901036","https://openalex.org/W3197309543","https://openalex.org/W4230316285","https://openalex.org/W4254305945","https://openalex.org/W4255613412","https://openalex.org/W4285664076","https://openalex.org/W4288083801","https://openalex.org/W4288086175","https://openalex.org/W4289258088","https://openalex.org/W6600030697","https://openalex.org/W6638208828","https://openalex.org/W6765684549"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2034631113","https://openalex.org/W3123500833","https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W2071153693","https://openalex.org/W2032929044","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W2409719718","https://openalex.org/W1543195776"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Approaches":[0],"to":[1,62,72,93,136,166,170,186,190,202],"non-discrimination":[2,243],"are":[3,28,84],"generally":[4],"informed":[5],"by":[6,121],"two":[7],"principles:":[8],"striving":[9],"for":[10,215],"equality":[11,19,42,74,192],"of":[12,18,20,37,43,56,75,111,126,141,149,159,174,193,199,239,248],"treatment,":[13],"and":[14,25,40,124,195,219,237,245],"advancing":[15,41,216],"various":[16],"notions":[17],"outcome.":[21,44,76,175],"We":[22,105,114,206],"consider":[23,187],"when":[24],"why":[26],"there":[27],"trade-offs":[29],"in":[30,161,229,242],"machine":[31,67,78,142,210,249],"learning":[32,68,79,143,211],"between":[33],"respecting":[34],"formalistic":[35],"interpretations":[36,55,123],"equal":[38,57,127,240],"treatment":[39,58,241],"Exploring":[45],"a":[46,156,227],"hypothetical":[47],"discrimination":[48],"suit":[49],"against":[50],"Facebook,":[51],"we":[52],"argue":[53,207],"that":[54,83,145,183,204,208,233],"which":[59,162],"require":[60,99,184,226],"blindness":[61,135],"difference":[63],"may":[64],"constrain":[65],"how":[66,188],"can":[69],"be":[70],"deployed":[71],"advance":[73,94,191],"When":[77],"models":[80,92,144],"predict":[81],"outcomes":[82,194],"unevenly":[85],"distributed":[86],"across":[87],"racial":[88,95,217],"groups,":[89],"using":[90],"those":[91,223],"justice":[96,218],"will":[97,225],"often":[98],"deliberately":[100],"taking":[101],"race":[102],"into":[103],"account.":[104],"then":[106],"explore":[107],"the":[108,139,197,230,235,246],"normative":[109,231],"stakes":[110],"this":[112],"tension.":[113],"describe":[115],"three":[116],"pragmatic":[117],"policy":[118],"options":[119],"underpinned":[120],"distinct":[122],"applications":[125],"treatment.":[128],"A":[129,176],"status":[130],"quo":[131],"approach":[132,153,178],"insists":[133],"on":[134],"difference,":[137],"permitting":[138],"design":[140],"compound":[146],"existing":[147],"patterns":[148],"disadvantage.":[150],"An":[151],"industry-led":[152],"would":[154,179],"specify":[155],"narrow":[157],"set":[158],"domains":[160],"institutions":[163,185],"were":[164],"permitted":[165],"use":[167,198],"protected":[168,200],"characteristics":[169,201],"actively":[171],"reduce":[172],"inequalities":[173],"government-led":[177],"impose":[180],"positive":[181],"duties":[182],"best":[189],"permit":[196],"achieve":[203],"goal.":[205],"while":[209],"offers":[212],"significant":[213],"possibilities":[214,224],"outcome-based":[220],"equality,":[221],"harnessing":[222],"shift":[228],"commitments":[232],"underpin":[234],"interpretation":[236],"application":[238],"law":[244],"governance":[247],"learning.":[250]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}