{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3162097651","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3461702.3462538","title":"On the Validity of Arrest as a Proxy for Offense: Race and the Likelihood of Arrest for Violent Crimes","display_name":"On the Validity of Arrest as a Proxy for Offense: Race and the Likelihood of Arrest for Violent Crimes","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3162097651","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3461702.3462538","mag":"3162097651"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3461702.3462538","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3461702.3462538","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3461702.3462538","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2021 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3461702.3462538","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008759018","display_name":"Riccardo Fogliato","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8636-9639"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Riccardo Fogliato","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","Carnegie Mellon University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035786206","display_name":"Alice Xiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7907-9353"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800278093","display_name":"Sony Corporation (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05k91zb11","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800278093"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alice Xiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sony AI, Seattle, WA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sony AI, Seattle, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800278093"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029448258","display_name":"Zachary C. Lipton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3824-4241"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zachary Lipton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090183461","display_name":"Daniel S. Nagin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0075-1851"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Nagin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057438082","display_name":"Alexandra Chouldechova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2337-9610"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexandra Chouldechova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008759018"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7568,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7912826,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"100","last_page":"111"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10574","display_name":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10574","display_name":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10318","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12265","display_name":"Gun Ownership and Violence Research","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminology","display_name":"Criminology","score":0.654403567314148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proxy","display_name":"Proxy (statistics)","score":0.6273683905601501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminal-justice","display_name":"Criminal justice","score":0.6134366989135742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.5695255994796753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5076111555099487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.3457340598106384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.14039355516433716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.13960480690002441}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.654403567314148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780148112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432581","display_name":"Proxy (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.6273683905601501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102587632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117488","display_name":"Criminal justice","level":2,"score":0.6134366989135742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5695255994796753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5076111555099487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.3457340598106384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.14039355516433716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.13960480690002441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3461702.3462538","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3461702.3462538","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3461702.3462538","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2021 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2105.04953","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2105.04953","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2105.04953","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3162097651","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2105.04953.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2105.04953","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2105.04953","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3461702.3462538","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3461702.3462538","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3461702.3462538","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2021 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8299999833106995,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310207","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3162097651.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3162097651.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":110,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1495447218","https://openalex.org/W1531971499","https://openalex.org/W1895131631","https://openalex.org/W1945324297","https://openalex.org/W1951724000","https://openalex.org/W1962961125","https://openalex.org/W1985947793","https://openalex.org/W1991829326","https://openalex.org/W1996064906","https://openalex.org/W2010431158","https://openalex.org/W2010595790","https://openalex.org/W2013123644","https://openalex.org/W2018502278","https://openalex.org/W2022126779","https://openalex.org/W2028320356","https://openalex.org/W2034582795","https://openalex.org/W2035693255","https://openalex.org/W2043342276","https://openalex.org/W2049844255","https://openalex.org/W2050397807","https://openalex.org/W2064395596","https://openalex.org/W2070509839","https://openalex.org/W2074842474","https://openalex.org/W2078844943","https://openalex.org/W2083506153","https://openalex.org/W2094904722","https://openalex.org/W2100358124","https://openalex.org/W2104229281","https://openalex.org/W2107000700","https://openalex.org/W2108018073","https://openalex.org/W2109671956","https://openalex.org/W2115098571","https://openalex.org/W2117639712","https://openalex.org/W2117866968","https://openalex.org/W2118502261","https://openalex.org/W2122237936","https://openalex.org/W2140243679","https://openalex.org/W2145708973","https://openalex.org/W2145880240","https://openalex.org/W2147015909","https://openalex.org/W2147430239","https://openalex.org/W2149049086","https://openalex.org/W2151800956","https://openalex.org/W2162267964","https://openalex.org/W2162933417","https://openalex.org/W2174219291","https://openalex.org/W2282468202","https://openalex.org/W2529251251","https://openalex.org/W2530063888","https://openalex.org/W2530395818","https://openalex.org/W2546836975","https://openalex.org/W2551317447","https://openalex.org/W2565393508","https://openalex.org/W2582743722","https://openalex.org/W2584805976","https://openalex.org/W2596996992","https://openalex.org/W2602865046","https://openalex.org/W2622808887","https://openalex.org/W2701581604","https://openalex.org/W2744145464","https://openalex.org/W2751108361","https://openalex.org/W2763818523","https://openalex.org/W2788304950","https://openalex.org/W2908732349","https://openalex.org/W2913700606","https://openalex.org/W2953331114","https://openalex.org/W2954807315","https://openalex.org/W2962922665","https://openalex.org/W2963100392","https://openalex.org/W2963106283","https://openalex.org/W2963327716","https://openalex.org/W2964031043","https://openalex.org/W2964276035","https://openalex.org/W2990427812","https://openalex.org/W3000655322","https://openalex.org/W3004155201","https://openalex.org/W3014986830","https://openalex.org/W3023523944","https://openalex.org/W3113471301","https://openalex.org/W3121562425","https://openalex.org/W3121654114","https://openalex.org/W3122791022","https://openalex.org/W3124377468","https://openalex.org/W3125422613","https://openalex.org/W4206327997","https://openalex.org/W4206357829","https://openalex.org/W4230253264","https://openalex.org/W4234697864","https://openalex.org/W4248365881","https://openalex.org/W4248826566","https://openalex.org/W4250989630","https://openalex.org/W4252580030","https://openalex.org/W4254693100","https://openalex.org/W4298826872","https://openalex.org/W4299698772","https://openalex.org/W4376099182","https://openalex.org/W4399568835","https://openalex.org/W4399587010","https://openalex.org/W6753180292","https://openalex.org/W6891468234","https://openalex.org/W6909893547","https://openalex.org/W6910159702","https://openalex.org/W6928835836","https://openalex.org/W6947505392","https://openalex.org/W6947729616","https://openalex.org/W6965954454","https://openalex.org/W6966263993","https://openalex.org/W6966444825","https://openalex.org/W6966459592","https://openalex.org/W7037557845"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3187543315","https://openalex.org/W243543533","https://openalex.org/W2953331114","https://openalex.org/W2036904878","https://openalex.org/W121376908","https://openalex.org/W2147476112","https://openalex.org/W1841387898","https://openalex.org/W1001104595","https://openalex.org/W3023904077","https://openalex.org/W2591024508","https://openalex.org/W2127328699","https://openalex.org/W2035693255","https://openalex.org/W1991882233","https://openalex.org/W2113329362","https://openalex.org/W3125509518","https://openalex.org/W2559105894","https://openalex.org/W2082584952","https://openalex.org/W2925976170","https://openalex.org/W2024373194","https://openalex.org/W2998089800"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Re-offense":[0],"risk":[1,31,72,90],"is":[2],"considered":[3],"in":[4,23,64,77,87,125,133,161,195,216],"decision-making":[5],"at":[6],"many":[7],"stages":[8],"of":[9,73,80,95,116,136,152,177,185,208,219,227],"the":[10,38,71,78,88,134,162,173,178,186,206,209,217,222,225,234],"criminal":[11,49],"justice":[12],"system,":[13],"from":[14,155,229],"pre-trial,":[15],"to":[16,18,85,231],"sentencing,":[17],"parole.":[19],"To":[20],"aid":[21],"decision-makers":[22],"their":[24,56],"assessments,":[25],"institutions":[26],"increasingly":[27],"rely":[28],"on":[29,100,148,182],"algorithmic":[30],"assessment":[32],"instruments":[33],"(RAIs).":[34],"These":[35],"tools":[36],"assess":[37,70],"likelihood":[39,79,135],"that":[40,172],"an":[41],"individual":[42],"will":[43],"be":[44],"arrested":[45],"for":[46,102,138,233],"a":[47],"new":[48],"offense":[50,202],"within":[51],"some":[52],"time":[53],"window":[54],"following":[55],"release.":[57],"However,":[58],"since":[59],"not":[60,68],"all":[61],"crimes":[62],"result":[63],"arrest,":[65],"RAIs":[66,96,220],"do":[67],"directly":[69],"re-offense.":[74],"Furthermore,":[75],"disparities":[76,132,180],"arrest":[81,127,137,196],"can":[82],"potentially":[83],"lead":[84],"biases":[86,124],"resulting":[89],"scores.":[91],"Several":[92],"recent":[93],"validations":[94],"have":[97],"therefore":[98],"focused":[99],"arrests":[101],"violent":[103,126,142,153],"offenses,":[104],"which":[105],"are":[106],"viewed":[107],"as":[108,159],"being":[109],"more":[110],"accurate":[111],"and":[112,140,175,201,214,221],"less":[113],"biased":[114],"reflections":[115],"offending":[117],"behavior.":[118],"In":[119,188],"this":[120],"paper,":[121],"we":[122],"investigate":[123],"data":[128,151,228],"by":[129],"analysing":[130],"racial":[131,179],"White":[139],"Black":[141],"offenders.":[143],"We":[144,204],"focus":[145],"our":[146,190],"study":[147],"2007--2016":[149],"incident-level":[150],"offenses":[154],"16":[156],"US":[157],"states":[158],"recorded":[160],"National":[163],"Incident":[164],"Based":[165],"Reporting":[166],"System":[167],"(NIBRS).":[168],"Our":[169],"analysis":[170],"shows":[171],"magnitude":[174],"direction":[176],"depend":[181],"various":[183],"characteristics":[184],"crimes.":[187],"addition,":[189],"investigation":[191],"reveals":[192],"large":[193],"variations":[194],"rates":[197],"across":[198],"geographical":[199],"locations":[200],"types.":[203],"discuss":[205],"implications":[207],"observed":[210],"disconnect":[211],"between":[212],"re-arrest":[213],"re-offense":[215],"context":[218],"challenges":[223],"around":[224],"use":[226],"NIBRS":[230],"correct":[232],"sampling":[235],"bias.":[236]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
