{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3190479309","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3461702.3462524","title":"Blind Justice: Algorithmically Masking Race in Charging Decisions","display_name":"Blind Justice: Algorithmically Masking Race in Charging Decisions","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3190479309","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3461702.3462524","mag":"3190479309"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3461702.3462524","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3461702.3462524","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2021 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018155177","display_name":"Alex Chohlas-Wood","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8279-6270"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alex Chohlas-Wood","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078410925","display_name":"Joe Nudell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8671-6557"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joe Nudell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021335359","display_name":"Keniel Yao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keniel Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057291277","display_name":"Zhiyuan Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3739-769X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiyuan (Jerry) Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017688180","display_name":"Julian Nyarko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7121-5696"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julian Nyarko","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027036879","display_name":"Sharad Goel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6103-9318"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sharad Goel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018155177"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":16.0639,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98819206,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"35","last_page":"45"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13583","display_name":"Jury Decision Making Processes","score":0.991100013256073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10802","display_name":"Judicial and Constitutional Studies","score":0.989799976348877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/race","display_name":"Race (biology)","score":0.7792842984199524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminal-justice","display_name":"Criminal justice","score":0.6609757542610168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/suspect","display_name":"Suspect","score":0.6319361925125122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/masking","display_name":"Masking (illustration)","score":0.6072909235954285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-justice","display_name":"Economic Justice","score":0.563071072101593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5410212278366089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/narrative","display_name":"Narrative","score":0.4737216532230377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminology","display_name":"Criminology","score":0.4382634460926056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jurisdiction","display_name":"Jurisdiction","score":0.43246573209762573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/redaction","display_name":"Redaction","score":0.41032034158706665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.38803631067276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3793860375881195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.3772108256816864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.2736433744430542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.19752967357635498}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76509639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918036","display_name":"Race (biology)","level":2,"score":0.7792842984199524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102587632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117488","display_name":"Criminal justice","level":2,"score":0.6609757542610168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778223634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q224952","display_name":"Suspect","level":2,"score":0.6319361925125122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777402240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6783436","display_name":"Masking (illustration)","level":2,"score":0.6072909235954285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139621336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3190382","display_name":"Economic Justice","level":2,"score":0.563071072101593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5410212278366089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199033989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318295","display_name":"Narrative","level":2,"score":0.4737216532230377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.4382634460926056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776949292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471855","display_name":"Jurisdiction","level":2,"score":0.43246573209762573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776795254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q561071","display_name":"Redaction","level":2,"score":0.41032034158706665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.38803631067276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3793860375881195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.3772108256816864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2736433744430542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.19752967357635498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3461702.3462524","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3461702.3462524","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2021 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.8199999928474426}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":72,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W82043381","https://openalex.org/W114771157","https://openalex.org/W141744992","https://openalex.org/W802545316","https://openalex.org/W1534311850","https://openalex.org/W1544034143","https://openalex.org/W1566334827","https://openalex.org/W1588369113","https://openalex.org/W1606482841","https://openalex.org/W1872690150","https://openalex.org/W1990921180","https://openalex.org/W1991418004","https://openalex.org/W2004961393","https://openalex.org/W2017899036","https://openalex.org/W2038370587","https://openalex.org/W2074412058","https://openalex.org/W2087015022","https://openalex.org/W2097855976","https://openalex.org/W2101681608","https://openalex.org/W2104883329","https://openalex.org/W2118718142","https://openalex.org/W2128616770","https://openalex.org/W2129527994","https://openalex.org/W2148273319","https://openalex.org/W2149604961","https://openalex.org/W2167340103","https://openalex.org/W2272449688","https://openalex.org/W2334881733","https://openalex.org/W2499817314","https://openalex.org/W2584805976","https://openalex.org/W2609808090","https://openalex.org/W2619251116","https://openalex.org/W2619587957","https://openalex.org/W2754950301","https://openalex.org/W2776313241","https://openalex.org/W2787106847","https://openalex.org/W2794434431","https://openalex.org/W2795907052","https://openalex.org/W2889833919","https://openalex.org/W2891905982","https://openalex.org/W2911098993","https://openalex.org/W2932209410","https://openalex.org/W2937817316","https://openalex.org/W2950068534","https://openalex.org/W2959776821","https://openalex.org/W2961982764","https://openalex.org/W2990051111","https://openalex.org/W2990728320","https://openalex.org/W3005595604","https://openalex.org/W3007790641","https://openalex.org/W3023523944","https://openalex.org/W3033556224","https://openalex.org/W3036270424","https://openalex.org/W3121623206","https://openalex.org/W3121723719","https://openalex.org/W3121818935","https://openalex.org/W3122254455","https://openalex.org/W3122404810","https://openalex.org/W3122524733","https://openalex.org/W3123029532","https://openalex.org/W3123169803","https://openalex.org/W3123223998","https://openalex.org/W3124072366","https://openalex.org/W3124681222","https://openalex.org/W3125066924","https://openalex.org/W3125132731","https://openalex.org/W3125633690","https://openalex.org/W3125934621","https://openalex.org/W3126052482","https://openalex.org/W3180373549","https://openalex.org/W4244328120","https://openalex.org/W7036045947"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3197016913","https://openalex.org/W2389153751","https://openalex.org/W4386728183","https://openalex.org/W2211202346","https://openalex.org/W2185015567","https://openalex.org/W2394191954","https://openalex.org/W2495635843","https://openalex.org/W2113933481","https://openalex.org/W4292622136","https://openalex.org/W2559305818"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"prosecutor's":[1],"decision":[2],"to":[3,76,87,117,129,161,194],"charge":[4],"or":[5,26],"dismiss":[6],"a":[7,11,50,62,70,126,134],"criminal":[8,38,200],"case":[9,59,142],"is":[10,16,115],"particularly":[12],"high-stakes":[13],"choice.":[14],"There":[15],"concern,":[17],"however,":[18],"that":[19,52,111],"these":[20],"judgements":[21],"may":[22],"suffer":[23],"from":[24,57,140],"explicit":[25],"implicit":[27],"racial":[28],"bias,":[29],"as":[30,167],"with":[31],"many":[32,89],"other":[33,138],"such":[34],"actions":[35],"in":[36,45,156,198],"the":[37,97,131,141,145,181,190,199],"justice":[39,201],"system.":[40,202],"To":[41],"reduce":[42],"potential":[43],"bias":[44],"charging":[46,81,157,175],"decisions,":[47,82],"we":[48,65,147,149],"designed":[49],"system":[51,68],"algorithmically":[53],"redacts":[54],"race-related":[55,120],"information":[56,139],"free-text":[58],"narratives.":[60],"In":[61,144],"first-of-its-kind":[63],"initiative,":[64],"deployed":[66],"this":[67],"at":[69],"large":[71],"American":[72],"district":[73],"attorney's":[74],"office":[75],"help":[77],"prosecutors":[78],"make":[79],"race-obscured":[80,184],"where":[83],"it":[84,123],"was":[85],"used":[86],"review":[88],"incoming":[90],"felony":[91],"cases.":[92],"We":[93,109],"report":[94],"on":[95],"both":[96],"design,":[98],"efficacy,":[99],"and":[100,186],"impact":[101],"of":[102,133,153,163,183,192],"our":[103,112,164,169,178],"tool":[104,170],"for":[105,125],"aiding":[106],"equitable":[107,196],"decision-making.":[108],"demonstrate":[110],"redaction":[113],"algorithm":[114],"able":[116],"accurately":[118],"obscure":[119],"information,":[121],"making":[122],"difficult":[124],"human":[127],"reviewer":[128],"guess":[130],"race":[132],"suspect":[135],"while":[136],"preserving":[137],"narrative.":[143],"jurisdiction":[146],"study,":[148],"found":[150],"little":[151],"evidence":[152],"disparate":[154],"treatment":[155],"decisions":[158],"even":[159],"prior":[160],"deployment":[162],"intervention.":[165],"Thus,":[166],"expected,":[168],"did":[171],"not":[172],"substantially":[173],"alter":[174],"rates.":[176],"Nevertheless,":[177],"study":[179],"demonstrates":[180],"feasibility":[182],"charging,":[185],"more":[187],"generally":[188],"highlights":[189],"promise":[191],"algorithms":[193],"bolster":[195],"decision-making":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}