{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3207897851","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3461461","title":"On Secure E-Voting over Blockchain","display_name":"On Secure E-Voting over Blockchain","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3207897851","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3461461","mag":"3207897851"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3461461","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3461461","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3461461","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235901","display_name":"Digital Threats Research and Practice","issn_l":"2576-5337","issn":["2576-5337","2692-1626"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Digital Threats: Research and Practice","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3461461","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035588934","display_name":"Patrick McCorry","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick Mccorry","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pisa Research Ltd, United Kingdoms"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pisa Research Ltd, United Kingdoms","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023973244","display_name":"Maryam Mehrnezhad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4223-6885"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84884186","display_name":"Newcastle University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj2bm70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maryam Mehrnezhad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Newcastle University, United Kingdoms"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Newcastle University, United Kingdoms","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029147151","display_name":"Ehsan Toreini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5172-2957"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I190082696","display_name":"Durham University","ror":"https://ror.org/01v29qb04","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190082696"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ehsan Toreini","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Durham, United Kingdoms"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Durham, United Kingdoms","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I190082696"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056489873","display_name":"Siamak F. Shahandashti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5284-6847"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52099693","display_name":"University of York","ror":"https://ror.org/04m01e293","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siamak F. Shahandashti","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of York, United Kingdoms"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of York, United Kingdoms","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100611635","display_name":"Feng Hao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8664-5074"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","display_name":"University of Warwick","ror":"https://ror.org/01a77tt86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feng Hao","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Warwick, United Kingdoms"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8664-5074","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Warwick, United Kingdoms","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4031,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90349643,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"4","first_page":"1","last_page":"13"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.8651362657546997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voting","display_name":"Voting","score":0.8638184666633606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.7109537124633789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polling","display_name":"Polling","score":0.6942973732948303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6912026405334473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.5264478325843811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.49242648482322693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-voting","display_name":"Electronic voting","score":0.4727787971496582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ballot","display_name":"Ballot","score":0.4704141914844513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/verifiable-secret-sharing","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","score":0.4604279696941376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-key-cryptography","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","score":0.45636385679244995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trustworthiness","display_name":"Trustworthiness","score":0.4380120038986206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.20881599187850952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.16768106818199158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.14457473158836365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.12643828988075256}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.8651362657546997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520049643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189760","display_name":"Voting","level":3,"score":0.8638184666633606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.7109537124633789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204854418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1362921","display_name":"Polling","level":2,"score":0.6942973732948303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6912026405334473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.5264478325843811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.49242648482322693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780612046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926161","display_name":"Electronic voting","level":4,"score":0.4727787971496582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777094542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905151","display_name":"Ballot","level":4,"score":0.4704141914844513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85847156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59015987","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","level":3,"score":0.4604279696941376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.45636385679244995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153701036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q659974","display_name":"Trustworthiness","level":2,"score":0.4380120038986206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.20881599187850952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.16768106818199158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.14457473158836365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.12643828988075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3461461","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3461461","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3461461","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235901","display_name":"Digital Threats Research and Practice","issn_l":"2576-5337","issn":["2576-5337","2692-1626"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Digital Threats: Research and Practice","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:185119","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/id/eprint/185119/1/3461461.pdf","pdf_url":"https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/id/eprint/185119/1/3461461.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400854","display_name":"White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800616092","host_organization_name":"White Rose University Consortium","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800616092"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:wrap.warwick.ac.uk:157550","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/157550/7/WRAP-On-secure-E-voting-over-blockchain-2021.pdf","pdf_url":"https://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/157550/7/WRAP-On-secure-E-voting-over-blockchain-2021.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400665","display_name":"Warwick Research Archive Portal (University of Warwick)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","host_organization_name":"University of Warwick","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ncl.ac.uk:281113","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.ncl.ac.uk/281113","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402485","display_name":"Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I84884186","host_organization_name":"Newcastle University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3461461","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3461461","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3461461","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235901","display_name":"Digital Threats Research and Practice","issn_l":"2576-5337","issn":["2576-5337","2692-1626"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Digital Threats: Research and Practice","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.7400000095367432,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6104908758","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ICA\\R1\\180226","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320006","funder_display_name":"Royal Society"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7282611729","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/R007195/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320006","display_name":"Royal Society","ror":"https://ror.org/03wnrjx87"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3207897851.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3207897851.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W599865085","https://openalex.org/W1532798493","https://openalex.org/W1538313512","https://openalex.org/W1550614890","https://openalex.org/W1552280095","https://openalex.org/W1598893862","https://openalex.org/W1976900880","https://openalex.org/W1996939992","https://openalex.org/W2123693527","https://openalex.org/W2137739383","https://openalex.org/W2139386481","https://openalex.org/W2141875195","https://openalex.org/W2592077777","https://openalex.org/W2592598704","https://openalex.org/W2890932429","https://openalex.org/W2896616867","https://openalex.org/W3037863224","https://openalex.org/W4214931895","https://openalex.org/W4242262251"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W22972402","https://openalex.org/W2160708112","https://openalex.org/W2105564033","https://openalex.org/W4285182480","https://openalex.org/W1506057729","https://openalex.org/W1629737931","https://openalex.org/W2033355099","https://openalex.org/W3044910261","https://openalex.org/W3028659161","https://openalex.org/W2609184814"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,47],"article":[1],"discusses":[2],"secure":[3],"methods":[4],"to":[5,112,124,139,149],"conduct":[6],"e-voting":[7],"over":[8,42],"a":[9,54,59,67,81,90,118,121,126,136,150],"blockchain":[10,44,55,119],"in":[11,34,80],"three":[12],"different":[13],"settings:":[14],"decentralized":[15,40],"voting,":[16,19],"centralized":[17,21],"remote":[18],"and":[20,163],"polling":[22],"station":[23],"voting.":[24],"These":[25],"settings":[26],"cover":[27],"almost":[28],"all":[29],"voting":[30,41,78,92],"scenarios":[31],"that":[32,71,99],"occur":[33],"practice.":[35],"A":[36],"proof-of-concept":[37],"implementation":[38],"for":[39,94,100],"Ethereum\u2019s":[43],"is":[45],"presented.":[46],"work":[48],"demonstrates":[49],"the":[50,73,77,103,132,154],"suitable":[51],"use":[52,155],"of":[53,76,134,156],"not":[56],"just":[57],"as":[58,66,147],"public":[60,127],"bulletin":[61,128],"board":[62],"but,":[63],"more":[64],"importantly,":[65],"trustworthy":[68],"computing":[69],"platform":[70],"enforces":[72],"correct":[74],"execution":[75],"protocol":[79],"publicly":[82],"verifiable":[83],"manner.":[84],"We":[85,97],"also":[86],"discuss":[87],"scaling":[88],"up":[89],"blockchain-based":[91],"application":[93],"national":[95],"elections.":[96],"show":[98],"national-scale":[101],"elections":[102],"major":[104],"verifiability":[105],"problems":[106],"can":[107],"be":[108],"addressed":[109],"without":[110],"having":[111],"depend":[113],"on":[114,143],"any":[115],"blockchain.":[116],"However,":[117],"remains":[120],"viable":[122],"option":[123],"realize":[125],"board,":[129],"which":[130],"has":[131],"advantage":[133],"being":[135],"\u201cpreventive\u201d":[137],"measure":[138,152],"stop":[140],"retrospective":[141],"changes":[142],"previously":[144],"published":[145],"records":[146],"opposed":[148],"\u201cdetective\u201d":[151],"like":[153],"mirror":[157],"websites.":[158],"CCS":[159],"Concepts:":[160],"\u2022":[161],"Security":[162],"privacy":[164],";":[165]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-08-11T07:18:39.950985","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}