{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3166795280","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3460959","title":"Enki","display_name":"Enki","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-06-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3166795280","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3460959","mag":"3166795280"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3460959","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3460959","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3460959","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S16632050","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Autonomous and Adaptive Systems","issn_l":"1556-4665","issn":["1556-4665","1556-4703"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Autonomous and Adaptive Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3460959","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016706538","display_name":"Michael Austin Langford","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0927-7976"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael Austin Langford","raw_affiliation_strings":["Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047852703","display_name":"Betty H. C. Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9825-5359"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Betty H. C. Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016706538"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4114,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71728586,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"32"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10848","display_name":"Advanced Multi-Objective Optimization Algorithms","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.874466061592102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.7748454809188843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5769670605659485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5361255407333374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training-set","display_name":"Training set","score":0.4353524148464203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.34274211525917053}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.874466061592102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.7748454809188843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5769670605659485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5361255407333374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.4353524148464203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.34274211525917053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3460959","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3460959","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3460959","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S16632050","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Autonomous and Adaptive Systems","issn_l":"1556-4665","issn":["1556-4665","1556-4703"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Autonomous and Adaptive Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3460959","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3460959","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3460959","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S16632050","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Autonomous and Adaptive Systems","issn_l":"1556-4665","issn":["1556-4665","1556-4703"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Autonomous and Adaptive Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6100000143051147,"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1398279541","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"0939454","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1932904212","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. DBI-0939454","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G403902561","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1305358","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G56721677","display_name":"Collaborative Research: CI-ADDO-EN: Research Repository for Model-Driven Software Development (REMODD)","funder_award_id":"1305358","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6283549013","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA8750-16-2-0284","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338294","funder_display_name":"Air Force Research Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6676938078","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1305358 and DBI-0939454","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7531921253","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"-0939454","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8008162846","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA8750-16-2-0284 and FA8750-19-2-0002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338294","funder_display_name":"Air Force Research Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G848032724","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307103","display_name":"Ford Motor Company","ror":"https://ror.org/00g2tkw06"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338294","display_name":"Air Force Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2egq70"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3166795280.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3166795280.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1481659984","https://openalex.org/W1490482062","https://openalex.org/W1588067184","https://openalex.org/W1673923490","https://openalex.org/W1825675169","https://openalex.org/W1932198206","https://openalex.org/W1945616565","https://openalex.org/W1971650562","https://openalex.org/W1977321274","https://openalex.org/W1999821663","https://openalex.org/W2062183858","https://openalex.org/W2092306402","https://openalex.org/W2107729695","https://openalex.org/W2117435128","https://openalex.org/W2118978333","https://openalex.org/W2150066425","https://openalex.org/W2151083897","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2463553622","https://openalex.org/W2522160606","https://openalex.org/W2583993537","https://openalex.org/W2588586106","https://openalex.org/W2593864877","https://openalex.org/W2609532991","https://openalex.org/W2616028256","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2727355181","https://openalex.org/W2734960757","https://openalex.org/W2745541172","https://openalex.org/W2774616426","https://openalex.org/W2785362102","https://openalex.org/W2798302089","https://openalex.org/W2799796486","https://openalex.org/W2800017313","https://openalex.org/W2804337238","https://openalex.org/W2888307014","https://openalex.org/W2945543503","https://openalex.org/W2953746822","https://openalex.org/W2954678575","https://openalex.org/W2955224284","https://openalex.org/W2963327228","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2963389226","https://openalex.org/W2963749936","https://openalex.org/W2963913218","https://openalex.org/W2964137095","https://openalex.org/W2981731882","https://openalex.org/W2990138404","https://openalex.org/W3098596645","https://openalex.org/W3099444373","https://openalex.org/W3100944043","https://openalex.org/W3209288023","https://openalex.org/W4229667608","https://openalex.org/W4247950230","https://openalex.org/W4308067211"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W3209574120","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W4210805261","https://openalex.org/W4387297750"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Data-driven":[0],"Learning-enabled":[1],"Systems":[2],"are":[3,92],"limited":[4],"by":[5,112],"the":[6,24,124,137],"quality":[7],"of":[8,26,126],"available":[9],"training":[10,51,68],"data,":[11],"particularly":[12],"when":[13,45,87],"trained":[14],"offline.":[15],"For":[16],"systems":[17],"that":[18,29],"must":[19],"operate":[20],"in":[21,65,84],"real-world":[22],"environments,":[23],"space":[25],"possible":[27],"conditions":[28,47,154],"can":[30,59],"occur":[31],"is":[32,142],"vast":[33],"and":[34,69,133,147],"difficult":[35],"to":[36,63,78,122,129,135,144,156],"comprehensively":[37],"predict":[38],"at":[39],"design":[40],"time.":[41],"Environmental":[42],"uncertainty":[43],"arises":[44],"run-time":[46],"diverge":[48],"from":[49],"design-time":[50],"conditions.":[52],"To":[53],"address":[54],"this":[55,113],"problem,":[56],"automated":[57],"methods":[58,149],"generate":[60],"synthetic":[61],"data":[62,71,86,110],"fill":[64],"gaps":[66],"for":[67,99,118,150],"test":[70],"coverage.":[72],"We":[73],"propose":[74],"an":[75,105],"evolution-based":[76],"technique":[77,95,114,141],"assist":[79],"developers":[80],"with":[81,104],"uncovering":[82],"limitations":[83],"existing":[85],"previously":[88],"unseen":[89],"environmental":[90,102,131,153],"phenomena":[91],"introduced.":[93],"This":[94,140],"explores":[96],"unique":[97],"contexts":[98],"a":[100,127],"given":[101],"condition,":[103],"emphasis":[106],"on":[107],"diversity.":[108],"Synthetic":[109],"generated":[111],"may":[115],"be":[116],"used":[117],"two":[119],"purposes:":[120],"(1)":[121],"assess":[123],"robustness":[125],"system":[128],"uncertain":[130],"factors":[132],"(2)":[134],"improve":[136],"system\u2019s":[138],"robustness.":[139],"demonstrated":[143],"outperform":[145],"random":[146],"greedy":[148],"multiple":[151],"adverse":[152],"applied":[155],"image-processing":[157],"Deep":[158],"Neural":[159],"Networks.":[160]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-18T14:38:29.013473","created_date":"2021-06-22T00:00:00"}
