{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3185799666","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3460537.3460547","title":"On PeerCoin Proof of Stake for Blockchain Consensus","display_name":"On PeerCoin Proof of Stake for Blockchain Consensus","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3185799666","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3460537.3460547","mag":"3185799666"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3460537.3460547","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3460537.3460547","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 The 3rd International Conference on Blockchain Technology","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065763841","display_name":"Wenbing Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3202-1127"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102607778","display_name":"Cleveland State University","ror":"https://ror.org/002tx1f22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102607778"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wenbing Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cleveland State University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cleveland State University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102607778"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037089910","display_name":"Shunkun Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8226-4477"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shunkun Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beihang University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beihang University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070952629","display_name":"Xiong Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1929-8447"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92403157","display_name":"University of Science and Technology Beijing","ror":"https://ror.org/02egmk993","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiong Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Science and Technology Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science and Technology Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009166873","display_name":"Jiong Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiong Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwestern Polytechnical University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern Polytechnical University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065763841"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102607778"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.3049,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93019625,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"129","last_page":"134"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9839000105857849,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.8148261904716492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proof-of-work-system","display_name":"Proof-of-work system","score":0.7760093808174133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7221341133117676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proof-of-concept","display_name":"Proof of concept","score":0.6818262934684753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.6307246685028076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/documentation","display_name":"Documentation","score":0.5265747904777527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.4593411386013031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.41127297282218933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3371737003326416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.32609015703201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.31717464327812195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12641197443008423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.07991659641265869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.07076495885848999}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.8148261904716492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123436394","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7249984","display_name":"Proof-of-work system","level":3,"score":0.7760093808174133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7221341133117676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124978682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1201019","display_name":"Proof of concept","level":2,"score":0.6818262934684753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.6307246685028076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56666940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788790","display_name":"Documentation","level":2,"score":0.5265747904777527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.4593411386013031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.41127297282218933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3371737003326416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.32609015703201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.31717464327812195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12641197443008423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.07991659641265869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.07076495885848999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3460537.3460547","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3460537.3460547","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 The 3rd International Conference on Blockchain Technology","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2035362408","https://openalex.org/W2114579022","https://openalex.org/W2130204304","https://openalex.org/W2178355018","https://openalex.org/W2261042760","https://openalex.org/W2399579591","https://openalex.org/W2502242418","https://openalex.org/W2647559887","https://openalex.org/W2905867785","https://openalex.org/W2945110753","https://openalex.org/W2999017679","https://openalex.org/W3137092842","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W6686169942"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4312475206","https://openalex.org/W2899359367","https://openalex.org/W4200362035","https://openalex.org/W2981481350","https://openalex.org/W4382371683","https://openalex.org/W96147258","https://openalex.org/W2809555313","https://openalex.org/W4376609188","https://openalex.org/W3213431194","https://openalex.org/W3202579655"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Proof":[0,128],"of":[1,13,107,129,138,143,161],"Stake":[2],"(PoS)":[3],"has":[4],"been":[5,68],"talked":[6],"about":[7],"extensively":[8],"as":[9],"an":[10],"alternative":[11],"way":[12],"reaching":[14],"consensus":[15],"in":[16,34,80,93,159],"blockchain":[17,75],"systems.":[18],"However,":[19,44],"there":[20,84],"are":[21,52],"few":[22],"publications":[23],"on":[24,54,89,113,127,152],"how":[25,90,162],"PoS":[26,41,49,59,79,91,110,124],"can":[27],"be":[28],"used":[29],"to":[30,163],"create":[31],"new":[32],"blocks":[33,65],"detail.":[35],"The":[36],"undisputed":[37],"lead":[38],"proponent":[39],"for":[40,50],"is":[42,85,125],"Ethereum.":[43],"virtually":[45],"all":[46],"discussions":[47],"regarding":[48],"Ethereum":[51],"centered":[53],"selecting":[55],"a":[56,104,136],"block":[57,81],"using":[58],"after":[60],"one":[61],"or":[62],"more":[63],"candidate":[64],"have":[66],"already":[67],"somehow":[69],"created.":[70],"PeerCoin":[71,109,114,123],"was":[72],"the":[73,108,120,165],"first":[74],"system":[76],"that":[77,122],"incorporated":[78],"creation.":[82],"Unfortunately,":[83],"no":[86],"known":[87],"documentation":[88],"works":[92],"PeerCoin.":[94],"In":[95,146],"this":[96,100],"paper,":[97],"we":[98],"fill":[99],"gap":[101],"by":[102],"presenting":[103],"detailed":[105],"explanation":[106],"algorithm":[111],"based":[112,126],"source":[115],"code.":[116],"We":[117],"also":[118],"dispel":[119],"misconception":[121],"Work":[130],"(PoW)":[131],"and":[132,154],"hence":[133],"would":[134],"consume":[135],"lot":[137],"energy":[139],"just":[140],"like":[141],"proof":[142],"work":[144],"(PoW).":[145],"fact,":[147],"it":[148],"resembles":[149],"PoW":[150,157],"only":[151],"surface":[153],"differs":[155],"from":[156],"substantially":[158],"terms":[160],"meet":[164],"difficulty":[166],"target.":[167]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}