{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200092783","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3460351","title":"Fifty years of P vs. NP and the possibility of the impossible","display_name":"Fifty years of P vs. NP and the possibility of the impossible","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200092783","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3460351"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3460351","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3460351","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3460351","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103482838","display_name":"Communications of the ACM","issn_l":"0001-0782","issn":["0001-0782","1557-7317"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications of the ACM","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3460351","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075191567","display_name":"Lance Fortnow","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2020-1358"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180949307","display_name":"Illinois Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037t3ry66","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180949307"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lance Fortnow","raw_affiliation_strings":["Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180949307"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5075191567"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180949307"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.7195,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91946858,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"65","issue":"1","first_page":"76","last_page":"85"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12002","display_name":"Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10720","display_name":"Complexity and Algorithms in Graphs","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6353214383125305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/np-complete","display_name":"NP-complete","score":0.4463662803173065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4217713475227356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.370016872882843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-complexity-theory","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","score":0.22057288885116577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.20430684089660645}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6353214383125305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122749075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215206","display_name":"NP-complete","level":3,"score":0.4463662803173065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4217713475227356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.370016872882843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.22057288885116577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.20430684089660645}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3460351","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3460351","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3460351","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103482838","display_name":"Communications of the ACM","issn_l":"0001-0782","issn":["0001-0782","1557-7317"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications of the ACM","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3460351","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3460351","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3460351","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103482838","display_name":"Communications of the ACM","issn_l":"0001-0782","issn":["0001-0782","1557-7317"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications of the ACM","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4200092783.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4200092783.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W151792660","https://openalex.org/W1992958898","https://openalex.org/W1995341919","https://openalex.org/W2006290558","https://openalex.org/W2009994177","https://openalex.org/W2011039300","https://openalex.org/W2036265926","https://openalex.org/W2070678975","https://openalex.org/W2077202644","https://openalex.org/W2083820240","https://openalex.org/W2084652510","https://openalex.org/W2091469954","https://openalex.org/W2142399242","https://openalex.org/W2153417364","https://openalex.org/W2401610261","https://openalex.org/W2409645877","https://openalex.org/W2798302089","https://openalex.org/W2809266875","https://openalex.org/W2889385527","https://openalex.org/W2902907165","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2982169647","https://openalex.org/W2989847975","https://openalex.org/W3023478445","https://openalex.org/W3048237199","https://openalex.org/W3118210634","https://openalex.org/W4292779060"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W3209574120","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W4283697347"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Advances":[0],"in":[1],"algorithms,":[2],"machine":[3],"learning,":[4],"and":[5],"hardware":[6],"can":[7],"help":[8],"tackle":[9],"many":[10],"NP-hard":[11],"problems":[12],"once":[13],"thought":[14],"impossible.":[15]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}