{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3177562315","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3460319.3464843","title":"Predoo: precision testing of deep learning operators","display_name":"Predoo: precision testing of deep learning operators","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3177562315","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3460319.3464843","mag":"3177562315"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3460319.3464843","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3460319.3464843","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 30th ACM SIGSOFT International Symposium on Software Testing and Analysis","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003660766","display_name":"Xufan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7284-1931"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xufan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031505558","display_name":"Ning Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0280-5983"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ning Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075174750","display_name":"Chunrong Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9930-7111"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunrong Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100320734","display_name":"Jiawei Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7122-8625"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiawei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100409648","display_name":"Jia Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7559-2280"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jia Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112853896","display_name":"Dong Chai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250955327","display_name":"Huawei Technologies (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00cmhce21","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong Chai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huawei, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huawei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052372312","display_name":"Jiang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5594-0153"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250955327","display_name":"Huawei Technologies (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00cmhce21","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huawei, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huawei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100422935","display_name":"Zhenyu Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9592-7022"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenyu Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5003660766"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.0624,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":52,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98793601,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"400","last_page":"412"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzz-testing","display_name":"Fuzz testing","score":0.8141050338745117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7829872369766235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operator","display_name":"Operator (biology)","score":0.643355131149292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scripting-language","display_name":"Scripting language","score":0.5586844086647034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4926612973213196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.4892299175262451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conformance-testing","display_name":"Conformance testing","score":0.4393538236618042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.41218215227127075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.3603002429008484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3284623622894287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.30828458070755005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.17756184935569763}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111065885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1189053","display_name":"Fuzz testing","level":3,"score":0.8141050338745117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7829872369766235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17020691","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q139677","display_name":"Operator (biology)","level":5,"score":0.643355131149292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61423126","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187432","display_name":"Scripting language","level":2,"score":0.5586844086647034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4926612973213196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4892299175262451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76844732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4072285","display_name":"Conformance testing","level":3,"score":0.4393538236618042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.41218215227127075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.3603002429008484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3284623622894287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.30828458070755005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.17756184935569763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86339819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407384","display_name":"Transcription factor","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158448853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q425218","display_name":"Repressor","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188087704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q369577","display_name":"Standardization","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3460319.3464843","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3460319.3464843","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 30th ACM SIGSOFT International Symposium on Software Testing and Analysis","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7099999785423279,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G734124533","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"14380021","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G974236707","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61932012, 61802171","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W109452506","https://openalex.org/W1921523184","https://openalex.org/W1963702806","https://openalex.org/W1966151649","https://openalex.org/W1999858616","https://openalex.org/W2024165284","https://openalex.org/W2041713059","https://openalex.org/W2046104010","https://openalex.org/W2048854494","https://openalex.org/W2119861793","https://openalex.org/W2122738744","https://openalex.org/W2131201793","https://openalex.org/W2138856138","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2181607856","https://openalex.org/W2557283755","https://openalex.org/W2613634265","https://openalex.org/W2616028256","https://openalex.org/W2765982206","https://openalex.org/W2767209415","https://openalex.org/W2778880616","https://openalex.org/W2800473699","https://openalex.org/W2850992922","https://openalex.org/W2921857021","https://openalex.org/W2954903132","https://openalex.org/W2957905354","https://openalex.org/W2963178695","https://openalex.org/W2963928453","https://openalex.org/W2968594320","https://openalex.org/W2970971581","https://openalex.org/W2999072931","https://openalex.org/W3000238554","https://openalex.org/W3016929260","https://openalex.org/W3068126984","https://openalex.org/W3088735455","https://openalex.org/W3091359231","https://openalex.org/W3104663419","https://openalex.org/W3109004940","https://openalex.org/W3123045479","https://openalex.org/W3160029089","https://openalex.org/W4234850770","https://openalex.org/W4254765761","https://openalex.org/W6737658843"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2511770387","https://openalex.org/W3120811337","https://openalex.org/W3203597304","https://openalex.org/W4385301282","https://openalex.org/W2990186179","https://openalex.org/W4248424560","https://openalex.org/W3023977444","https://openalex.org/W2766647240","https://openalex.org/W4210660460","https://openalex.org/W4288084466"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"learning(DL)":[1],"techniques":[2],"attract":[3],"people":[4],"from":[5,197,220],"various":[6],"fields":[7],"with":[8,90],"superior":[9],"performance":[10],"in":[11,53,184,216],"making":[12],"progressive":[13],"breakthroughs.":[14],"To":[15],"ensure":[16,64],"the":[17,36,65,72,78,101,104,126,212,217,221],"quality":[18,66],"of":[19,67,74,166],"DL":[20,38,45,47,54,75,141,167,195],"techniques,":[21,152],"researchers":[22],"have":[23],"been":[24],"working":[25],"on":[26,60,193],"testing":[27,89,107,136,165,218],"and":[28,77,112,117,157,189],"verification":[29],"approaches.":[30],"Some":[31],"recent":[32],"studies":[33],"reveal":[34,97],"that":[35,203],"underlying":[37],"operators":[39,48,68,76,168,196],"could":[40],"cause":[41],"defects":[42,99],"inside":[43,100],"a":[44,132,172,185],"model.":[46],"work":[49,59],"as":[50,171],"fundamental":[51],"components":[52],"libraries.":[55],"Library":[56],"developers":[57,121],"still":[58],"practical":[61],"approaches":[62],"to":[63,84,96,115,125,138,145,175,211],"they":[69],"provide.":[70],"However,":[71],"variety":[73],"implementation":[79],"complexity":[80],"make":[81],"it":[82],"challenging":[83],"evaluate":[85],"their":[86],"quality.":[87],"Operator":[88],"limited":[91],"test":[92],"cases":[93],"may":[94],"fail":[95],"hidden":[98],"implementation.":[102],"Besides,":[103],"existing":[105],"model-to-library":[106],"approach":[108,137,183],"requires":[109],"extra":[110],"labor":[111],"time":[113],"cost":[114],"identify":[116],"locate":[118],"errors,":[119],"i.e.,":[120],"can":[122,205],"only":[123],"react":[124],"exposed":[127],"defects.":[128],"This":[129],"paper":[130],"proposes":[131],"fuzzing-based":[133],"operator-level":[134],"precision":[135,143,159,178,208],"estimate":[139],"individual":[140],"operators'":[142],"errors":[144,209],"bridge":[146],"this":[147],"gap.":[148],"Unlike":[149],"conventional":[150],"fuzzing":[151],"valid":[153],"shape":[154],"variable":[155],"inputs":[156],"fine-grained":[158],"error":[160,213],"evaluation":[161],"are":[162],"implemented.":[163],"The":[164,199],"is":[169],"treated":[170],"searching":[173],"problem":[174],"maximize":[176],"output":[177],"errors.":[179],"We":[180],"implement":[181],"our":[182],"tool":[186],"named":[187],"Predoo":[188,204],"conduct":[190],"an":[191],"experiment":[192,200],"seven":[194],"TensorFlow.":[198],"result":[201],"shows":[202],"trigger":[206],"larger":[207],"compared":[210],"threshold":[214],"declared":[215],"scripts":[219],"TensorFlow":[222],"repository.":[223]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
