{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3199823288","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3460120.3485375","title":"MPC-Friendly Commitments for Publicly Verifiable Covert Security","display_name":"MPC-Friendly Commitments for Publicly Verifiable Covert Security","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3199823288","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3460120.3485375","mag":"3199823288"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3460120.3485375","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3460120.3485375","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2021 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2109.07461","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061858713","display_name":"Nitin Agrawal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9337-4479"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nitin Agrawal","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom","University of Oxford"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oxford","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005608903","display_name":"James Bell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2265-1205"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128584","display_name":"The Alan Turing Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/035dkdb55","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128584"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James Bell","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Alan Turing Institute, London, United Kingdom","The Alan Turing Institute, London (United Kingdom)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Alan Turing Institute, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128584"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Alan Turing Institute, London (United Kingdom)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128584"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015542293","display_name":"Adri\u00e0 Gasc\u00f3n","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1807-8311"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113297","display_name":"Google (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/024bc3e07","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210113297","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adri\u00e0 Gasc\u00f3n","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, London, United Kingdom","Google,,,,,"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113297"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google,,,,,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108523545","display_name":"Matt J. Kusner","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matt J. Kusner","raw_affiliation_strings":["University College London, London, United Kingdom","University College London\u2020"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College London, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College London\u2020","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061858713"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.13286112,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2685","last_page":"2704"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/verifiable-secret-sharing","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","score":0.7841875553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6988688111305237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/commitment-scheme","display_name":"Commitment scheme","score":0.5742882490158081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.570101797580719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boolean-circuit","display_name":"Boolean circuit","score":0.5587215423583984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-parameter","display_name":"Security parameter","score":0.5504421591758728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.518147349357605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hash-function","display_name":"Hash function","score":0.5002646446228027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cheating","display_name":"Cheating","score":0.4980340003967285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.49132266640663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert","display_name":"Covert","score":0.4830087423324585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bilinear-interpolation","display_name":"Bilinear interpolation","score":0.43654438853263855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/value","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","score":0.42706602811813354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.2992325723171234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boolean-function","display_name":"Boolean function","score":0.2640969753265381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.21998155117034912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.10380050539970398}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85847156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59015987","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","level":3,"score":0.7841875553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6988688111305237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91399829","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1115684","display_name":"Commitment scheme","level":3,"score":0.5742882490158081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.570101797580719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141796577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837479","display_name":"Boolean circuit","level":3,"score":0.5587215423583984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776711565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445058","display_name":"Security parameter","level":3,"score":0.5504421591758728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.518147349357605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99138194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427","display_name":"Hash function","level":2,"score":0.5002646446228027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778024590","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2357432","display_name":"Cheating","level":2,"score":0.4980340003967285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.49132266640663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779338814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179285","display_name":"Covert","level":2,"score":0.4830087423324585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205203396","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q612143","display_name":"Bilinear interpolation","level":2,"score":0.43654438853263855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.42706602811813354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.2992325723171234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187455244","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q942353","display_name":"Boolean function","level":2,"score":0.2640969753265381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.21998155117034912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.10380050539970398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3460120.3485375","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3460120.3485375","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2021 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publications.polymtl.ca:65843","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401013","display_name":"PolyPublie (\u00c9cole Polytechnique de Montr\u00e9al)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45683168","host_organization_name":"Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2109.07461","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2109.07461","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2109.07461","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3199823288","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2109.07461v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2109.07461","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2109.07461","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2109.07461","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2109.07461","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2109.07461","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8597009950","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/N510129/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W112739640","https://openalex.org/W139192289","https://openalex.org/W632399495","https://openalex.org/W1494083255","https://openalex.org/W1528698042","https://openalex.org/W1553650484","https://openalex.org/W1867273832","https://openalex.org/W1971991172","https://openalex.org/W1982146060","https://openalex.org/W2019891719","https://openalex.org/W2090432705","https://openalex.org/W2118179522","https://openalex.org/W2169802112","https://openalex.org/W2246792095","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2295458874","https://openalex.org/W2435473771","https://openalex.org/W2462906003","https://openalex.org/W2514555123","https://openalex.org/W2552640487","https://openalex.org/W2611430843","https://openalex.org/W2701059868","https://openalex.org/W2766831133","https://openalex.org/W2766917641","https://openalex.org/W2767024440","https://openalex.org/W2770795779","https://openalex.org/W2788416960","https://openalex.org/W2793407883","https://openalex.org/W2886677293","https://openalex.org/W2895865029","https://openalex.org/W2908294075","https://openalex.org/W2953532875","https://openalex.org/W2962877476","https://openalex.org/W2963100392","https://openalex.org/W2963116854","https://openalex.org/W2963752132","https://openalex.org/W2963755823","https://openalex.org/W2964345203","https://openalex.org/W2981869278","https://openalex.org/W2984644945","https://openalex.org/W2996048612","https://openalex.org/W3013196197","https://openalex.org/W3082332614","https://openalex.org/W3138819813"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3213093176","https://openalex.org/W1247648998","https://openalex.org/W2169802112","https://openalex.org/W2120315802","https://openalex.org/W2158285139","https://openalex.org/W2188119083","https://openalex.org/W2950236960","https://openalex.org/W2184491084","https://openalex.org/W1999731694","https://openalex.org/W2983300420","https://openalex.org/W2966903457","https://openalex.org/W3004362027","https://openalex.org/W2222421382","https://openalex.org/W2217959868","https://openalex.org/W2895977435","https://openalex.org/W145458366","https://openalex.org/W1674128553","https://openalex.org/W3030771120","https://openalex.org/W1904473674","https://openalex.org/W2950351896"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"address":[1],"the":[2,15,53,57,64,76],"problem":[3],"of":[4,75,79],"efficiently":[5],"verifying":[6],"a":[7,10,18,23,30,73,87],"commitment":[8],"in":[9,29,63,82],"two-party":[11],"computation.":[12,59],"This":[13],"addresses":[14],"scenario":[16],"where":[17,84],"party":[19,36],"P1":[20,44,85],"commits":[21],"to":[22,26,40],"value":[24,54],"x":[25,50],"be":[27],"used":[28],"subsequent":[31],"secure":[32,58],"computation":[33],"with":[34],"another":[35],"P2":[37],"that":[38,43,49],"wants":[39],"receive":[41],"assurance":[42],"did":[45],"not":[46],"cheat,":[47],"i.e.":[48],"was":[51],"indeed":[52],"inputted":[55],"into":[56],"Our":[60],"constructions":[61],"operate":[62],"publicly":[65],"verifiable":[66],"covert":[67],"(PVC)":[68],"security":[69],"model,":[70],"which":[71],"is":[72],"relaxation":[74],"malicious":[77],"model":[78],"MPC,":[80],"appropriate":[81],"settings":[83],"faces":[86],"reputational":[88],"harm":[89],"if":[90],"caught":[91],"cheating.":[92]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-11T14:59:36.786465","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
