{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3212398953","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3460120.3485362","title":"A Security Framework for Distributed Ledgers","display_name":"A Security Framework for Distributed Ledgers","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3212398953","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3460120.3485362","mag":"3212398953"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3460120.3485362","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3460120.3485362","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2021 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062901793","display_name":"Mike Graf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3191-7711"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100066346","display_name":"University of Stuttgart","ror":"https://ror.org/04vnq7t77","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mike Graf","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006726943","display_name":"Daniel Rausch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1901-3659"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100066346","display_name":"University of Stuttgart","ror":"https://ror.org/04vnq7t77","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Rausch","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080799466","display_name":"Viktoria Ronge","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181369854","display_name":"Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg","ror":"https://ror.org/00f7hpc57","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Viktoria Ronge","raw_affiliation_strings":["Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Erlangen, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Erlangen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021365337","display_name":"Christoph Egger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3745-5442"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181369854","display_name":"Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg","ror":"https://ror.org/00f7hpc57","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christoph Egger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Erlangen, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Erlangen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105424517","display_name":"Ralf K\u00fcsters","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100066346","display_name":"University of Stuttgart","ror":"https://ror.org/04vnq7t77","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ralf K\u00fcsters","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053197848","display_name":"Dominique Schr\u00f6der","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6943-8914"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181369854","display_name":"Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg","ror":"https://ror.org/00f7hpc57","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dominique Schr\u00f6der","raw_affiliation_strings":["Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Erlangen, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Erlangen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5062901793"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.2327,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95751794,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1043","last_page":"1064"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9872999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9818000197410583,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6975002288818359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-ledger","display_name":"Distributed ledger","score":0.6804177761077881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ledger","display_name":"Ledger","score":0.5449825525283813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4599136412143707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.226218581199646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.15354394912719727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accounting","display_name":"Accounting","score":0.11487323045730591}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6975002288818359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777541363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25110971","display_name":"Distributed ledger","level":3,"score":0.6804177761077881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91302708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732056","display_name":"Ledger","level":2,"score":0.5449825525283813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4599136412143707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.226218581199646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.15354394912719727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.11487323045730591}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3460120.3485362","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3460120.3485362","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2021 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5099999904632568,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7800647177","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"393541319/GRK2475/1-2019","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W851575271","https://openalex.org/W1499934958","https://openalex.org/W2168537649","https://openalex.org/W2401332089","https://openalex.org/W2430991892","https://openalex.org/W2535104337","https://openalex.org/W2613387059","https://openalex.org/W2701155867","https://openalex.org/W2794533297","https://openalex.org/W2795222609","https://openalex.org/W2889627320","https://openalex.org/W2897676665","https://openalex.org/W2944485847","https://openalex.org/W2951404971","https://openalex.org/W2956004459","https://openalex.org/W2984604380","https://openalex.org/W2989202886","https://openalex.org/W2991071002","https://openalex.org/W3047049444","https://openalex.org/W3097265544","https://openalex.org/W3102661748","https://openalex.org/W3144165913","https://openalex.org/W3212398953","https://openalex.org/W4300127641","https://openalex.org/W6803813346"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4226088185","https://openalex.org/W3005980542","https://openalex.org/W2810405473","https://openalex.org/W4298013519","https://openalex.org/W2949445060","https://openalex.org/W4224952008","https://openalex.org/W2800938687","https://openalex.org/W3135632358","https://openalex.org/W4287703679","https://openalex.org/W3177205310"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,82],"the":[1,19,28,54,57,91,98,113,141,192,203,209,219,237],"past":[2],"few":[3],"years":[4],"blockchains":[5,39,124,241],"have":[6],"been":[7],"a":[8,131,199],"major":[9],"focus":[10],"for":[11,94],"security":[12,58,99,157,195],"research,":[13],"resulting":[14],"in":[15,18,56,130,215,217],"significant":[16],"progress":[17],"design,":[20],"formalization,":[21],"and":[22,48,96,147,169],"analysis":[23,196,223],"of":[24,32,100,115,183,197,213,225,240],"blockchain":[25,68],"protocols.":[26],"However,":[27],"more":[29],"general":[30,101],"class":[31],"distributed":[33,62,102,107,128,188,200,243],"ledgers,":[34,103,244],"which":[35,154],"includes":[36],"not":[37,121,234],"just":[38,235],"but":[40,125,245],"also":[41,126,186,230],"prominent":[42,142,204],"non-blockchain":[43,127,187],"protocols,":[44],"such":[45,70,198],"as":[46,71,174],"Corda":[47,205,214],"OmniLedger,":[49],"cannot":[50],"be":[51],"covered":[52],"by":[53,89,190],"state-of-the-art":[55],"literature":[59],"yet.":[60],"These":[61,228],"ledgers":[63,129,189],"often":[64],"break":[65],"with":[66,104],"traditional":[67],"paradigms,":[69],"block":[72],"structures":[73],"to":[74,208,242,248],"store":[75],"data,":[76],"system-wide":[77],"consensus,":[78],"or":[79],"global":[80],"consistency.":[81],"this":[83,87,222],"paper,":[84],"we":[85,137,177],"close":[86],"gap":[88],"proposing":[90],"first":[92,138,193],"framework":[93],"defining":[95],"analyzing":[97],"an":[105],"ideal":[106,143],"ledger":[108],"functionality,":[109],"called":[110],"Fledger,":[111,136,153],"at":[112],"core":[114],"our":[116],"contribution.":[117],"This":[118,159],"functionality":[119],"covers":[120],"only":[122],"classical":[123],"unified":[132],"way.":[133],"To":[134],"illustrate":[135,231],"show":[139],"that":[140,161,179,232],"block-chain":[144],"functionalities":[145],"Gledger":[146],"GPL":[148],"realize":[149,172],"(suitable":[150],"instantiations":[151],"of)":[152],"captures":[155],"their":[156,162],"properties.":[158],"implies":[160],"respective":[163],"implementations,":[164],"including":[165],"Bitcoin,":[166],"Ouroboros":[167,170],"Genesis,":[168],"Crypsinous,":[171],"Fledger":[173,180,233],"well.":[175],"Secondly,":[176],"demonstrate":[178],"is":[181,224],"capable":[182],"precisely":[184],"modeling":[185],"performing":[191],"formal":[194],"ledger,":[201],"namely":[202],"protocol.":[206],"Due":[207],"wide":[210],"spread":[211],"use":[212],"industry,":[216],"particular":[218],"financial":[220],"sector,":[221],"independent":[226],"interest.":[227],"results":[229],"generalizes":[236],"modular":[238],"treatment":[239],"moreover":[246],"helps":[247],"unify":[249],"existing":[250],"results.":[251]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}