{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3211853936","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3460120.3484766","title":"I Can See the Light: Attacks on Autonomous Vehicles Using Invisible Lights","display_name":"I Can See the Light: Attacks on Autonomous Vehicles Using Invisible Lights","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3211853936","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3460120.3484766","mag":"3211853936"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3460120.3484766","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3460120.3484766","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2021 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100392263","display_name":"Wei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3240-1485"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79272384","display_name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore County","ror":"https://ror.org/02qskvh78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100389420","display_name":"Yao Yao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0626-3587"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79272384","display_name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore County","ror":"https://ror.org/02qskvh78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yao Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100352117","display_name":"Xin Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5674-4592"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79272384","display_name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore County","ror":"https://ror.org/02qskvh78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100430478","display_name":"Xiang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1657-209X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cambricon SingGo, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cambricon SingGo, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114056473","display_name":"Pei Hao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79272384","display_name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore County","ror":"https://ror.org/02qskvh78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pei Hao","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101496983","display_name":"Ting Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3307-050X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79272384","display_name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore County","ror":"https://ror.org/02qskvh78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ting Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.8586,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":63,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9787616,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1930","last_page":"1944"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13869","display_name":"Ocular and Laser Science Research","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13869","display_name":"Ocular and Laser Science Research","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7338213920593262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.7195053100585938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6875597238540649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5518400073051453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.5029489398002625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simultaneous-localization-and-mapping","display_name":"Simultaneous localization and mapping","score":0.45296478271484375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.4470943808555603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.1819300651550293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-robot","display_name":"Mobile robot","score":0.12514135241508484}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7338213920593262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.7195053100585938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6875597238540649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5518400073051453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.5029489398002625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86369673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1203659","display_name":"Simultaneous localization and mapping","level":4,"score":0.45296478271484375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.4470943808555603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.1819300651550293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19966478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4810574","display_name":"Mobile robot","level":3,"score":0.12514135241508484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3460120.3484766","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3460120.3484766","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2021 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.49000000953674316}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1706187301","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1652669, CNS-1824491","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W185142374","https://openalex.org/W1532331894","https://openalex.org/W1532362218","https://openalex.org/W2080611336","https://openalex.org/W2098480006","https://openalex.org/W2099005886","https://openalex.org/W2117228865","https://openalex.org/W2156614993","https://openalex.org/W2243397390","https://openalex.org/W2611814963","https://openalex.org/W2625862134","https://openalex.org/W2740323046","https://openalex.org/W2780145543","https://openalex.org/W2796791899","https://openalex.org/W2959364614","https://openalex.org/W2962700793","https://openalex.org/W2962761044","https://openalex.org/W2962853428","https://openalex.org/W2962915496","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963341057","https://openalex.org/W2963676366","https://openalex.org/W2976757711","https://openalex.org/W2985853129","https://openalex.org/W3000867783","https://openalex.org/W3015176854","https://openalex.org/W3098881644","https://openalex.org/W3102327032","https://openalex.org/W3137265271"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3135697610","https://openalex.org/W2085033728","https://openalex.org/W4285411112","https://openalex.org/W2171299904","https://openalex.org/W1647606319","https://openalex.org/W2922442631","https://openalex.org/W4390494008","https://openalex.org/W2053596378","https://openalex.org/W28570768","https://openalex.org/W2168523118"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"camera":[1,82],"is":[2],"one":[3],"of":[4,101,248,279],"the":[5,26,34,55,61,81,99,126,132,141,152,159,166,178,201,211,215,246,249,263,273,280,292],"most":[6],"important":[7],"sensors":[8,39],"for":[9,47],"an":[10,226,234],"autonomous":[11,29,236,256],"vehicle":[12,257],"(AV)":[13],"to":[14,58,80,125,188,210,289],"perform":[15],"Environment":[16],"Perception":[17],"and":[18,21,50,104,121,170,205,224,233,242,252],"Simultaneous":[19],"Localization":[20],"Mapping":[22],"(SLAM).":[23],"To":[24,271],"secure":[25,272],"camera,":[27,160],"current":[28,255],"vehicles":[30],"not":[31,260],"only":[32],"utilize":[33],"data":[35],"gathered":[36],"from":[37,90,165],"multiple":[38],"(e.g.,":[40],"Camera,":[41],"Ultrasonic":[42],"Sensor,":[43],"Radar,":[44],"or":[45,77],"LiDAR)":[46],"environment":[48,118],"perception":[49,119],"SLAM":[51,123,180,208],"but":[52],"also":[53],"require":[54],"human":[56,145],"driver":[57],"always":[59],"realize":[60],"driving":[62,237],"situation,":[63],"which":[64,161,266],"can":[65,116,138,171],"effectively":[66],"defend":[67,290],"against":[68,291],"previous":[69],"attack":[70],"approaches":[71],"(i.e.,":[72],"creating":[73],"visible":[74,168],"fake":[75,196],"objects":[76],"introducing":[78],"perturbations":[79],"by":[83,218,275],"using":[84,219],"advanced":[85],"deep":[86],"learning":[87],"techniques).":[88],"Different":[89],"their":[91],"work,":[92],"in":[93,158],"this":[94],"paper,":[95],"we":[96,129,186,283],"in-depth":[97],"investigate":[98],"features":[100,278],"Infrared":[102],"light":[103,154,169,222],"introduce":[105,122,207],"a":[106,285],"new":[107],"security":[108,269],"challenge":[109],"called":[110],"I-Can-See-the-Light-":[111],"Attack":[112,217,251],"(ICSL":[113],"Attack)":[114],"that":[115,131,254],"alter":[117],"results":[120],"errors":[124,209],"AV.":[127,212],"Specifically,":[128],"found":[130],"invisible":[133,191,197],"infrared":[134],"lights":[135],"(IR":[136],"light)":[137],"successfully":[139],"trigger":[140],"image":[142],"sensor":[143],"while":[144],"eyes":[146],"cannot":[147],"perceive":[148],"IR":[149,153,221,281],"lights.":[150],"Moreover,":[151],"appears":[155],"magenta":[156],"color":[157],"triggers":[162],"different":[163],"pixels":[164],"ambient":[167],"be":[172],"selected":[173],"as":[174],"key":[175],"points":[176],"during":[177],"AV's":[179],"process.":[181],"By":[182],"leveraging":[183],"these":[184],"features,":[185],"explore":[187],"i)":[189],"generate":[190],"traffic":[192],"lights,":[193],"ii)":[194],"create":[195],"objects,":[198],"iii)":[199],"ruin":[200],"in-car":[202],"user":[203],"experience,":[204],"iv)":[206],"We":[213,244],"implement":[214],"ICSL":[216,250,264,293],"off-the-shelf":[220],"sources":[223],"conduct":[225],"extensive":[227],"evaluation":[228],"on":[229],"Tesla":[230],"Model":[231],"3":[232],"enterprise-level":[235],"platform":[238],"under":[239],"various":[240],"environments":[241],"settings.":[243],"demonstrate":[245],"effectiveness":[247],"prove":[253],"companies":[258],"have":[259],"yet":[261],"considered":[262],"Attack,":[265],"introduces":[267],"severe":[268],"issues.":[270],"AV,":[274],"exploring":[276],"unique":[277],"light,":[282],"propose":[284],"software-based":[286],"detection":[287],"module":[288],"Attack.":[294]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}