{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3212238191","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3460120.3484577","title":"Spinner: Automated Dynamic Command Subsystem Perturbation","display_name":"Spinner: Automated Dynamic Command Subsystem Perturbation","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3212238191","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3460120.3484577","mag":"3212238191"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3460120.3484577","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3460120.3484577","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3460120.3484577","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2021 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3460120.3484577","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100377147","display_name":"Meng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3094-7735"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Meng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059444418","display_name":"Chijung Jung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1507-3635"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chijung Jung","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019577130","display_name":"Ali Ahad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3793-9180"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Ahad","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053834185","display_name":"Yonghwi Kwon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0021-2850"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yonghwi Kwon","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100377147"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4222,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86168355,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1839","last_page":"1860"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12479","display_name":"Web Application Security Vulnerabilities","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12479","display_name":"Web Application Security Vulnerabilities","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9689000248908997,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8585218787193298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sql-injection","display_name":"SQL injection","score":0.6711245775222778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sql","display_name":"SQL","score":0.6589925289154053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/javascript","display_name":"JavaScript","score":0.6555953025817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.6400647759437561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.560865581035614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.4737972617149353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.39079684019088745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.3093486428260803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.25735747814178467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.230232834815979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/search-engine","display_name":"Search engine","score":0.13551932573318481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.1092727780342102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/query-by-example","display_name":"Query by Example","score":0.10103222727775574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8585218787193298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150451098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506059","display_name":"SQL injection","level":5,"score":0.6711245775222778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C510870499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47607","display_name":"SQL","level":2,"score":0.6589925289154053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544833334","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2005","display_name":"JavaScript","level":2,"score":0.6555953025817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.6400647759437561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.560865581035614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4737972617149353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.39079684019088745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.3093486428260803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.25735747814178467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.230232834815979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97854310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19541","display_name":"Search engine","level":2,"score":0.13551932573318481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.1092727780342102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194222762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q114486","display_name":"Query by Example","level":4,"score":0.10103222727775574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164120249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q995982","display_name":"Web search query","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3460120.3484577","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3460120.3484577","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3460120.3484577","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2021 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3460120.3484577","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3460120.3484577","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3460120.3484577","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2021 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2447975115","display_name":"OAC Core: Small:  Collaborative Research: Data Provenance Infrastructure towards Robust andReliable Data Sharing and Analytics","funder_award_id":"1908021","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3959312801","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1850392","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5839727292","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1916499","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3212238191.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3212238191.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1523201822","https://openalex.org/W1573760589","https://openalex.org/W1966831167","https://openalex.org/W1983142587","https://openalex.org/W2002079460","https://openalex.org/W2003115932","https://openalex.org/W2008158744","https://openalex.org/W2037786632","https://openalex.org/W2085925880","https://openalex.org/W2088475168","https://openalex.org/W2101699859","https://openalex.org/W2103326816","https://openalex.org/W2107604680","https://openalex.org/W2114349788","https://openalex.org/W2116774218","https://openalex.org/W2129362719","https://openalex.org/W2134646643","https://openalex.org/W2147478478","https://openalex.org/W2151619740","https://openalex.org/W2159670077","https://openalex.org/W2161688581","https://openalex.org/W2162316255","https://openalex.org/W2163405904","https://openalex.org/W2171264329","https://openalex.org/W2240667924","https://openalex.org/W2493787052","https://openalex.org/W2779636985","https://openalex.org/W2987636659","https://openalex.org/W2996776975","https://openalex.org/W3096291879","https://openalex.org/W3101282381","https://openalex.org/W4302343751","https://openalex.org/W4302557380","https://openalex.org/W6641922052","https://openalex.org/W6677228968"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2362122277","https://openalex.org/W2751450447","https://openalex.org/W2765352472","https://openalex.org/W1956950977","https://openalex.org/W2117902529","https://openalex.org/W2291333157","https://openalex.org/W2137754413","https://openalex.org/W2368836186","https://openalex.org/W2752911054","https://openalex.org/W2992496454"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Injection":[0],"attacks":[1,21,28,200],"have":[2],"been":[3],"a":[4,45,107,126,195],"major":[5],"threat":[6],"to":[7,25,137,144],"web":[8],"applications.":[9],"Despite":[10],"the":[11,26,31,96,146,150,158],"significant":[12],"effort":[13],"in":[14,170],"thwarting":[15],"injection":[16,20,53,117,199],"attacks,":[17,54],"protection":[18,33,50,112],"against":[19,51,113],"remains":[22],"challenging":[23],"due":[24],"sophisticated":[27,115],"that":[29,47,75,83,129,191],"exploit":[30],"existing":[32],"techniques'":[34],"design":[35,97],"and":[36,59,98,105,110,132,162,167,169,178],"implementation":[37,99],"flaws.":[38],"In":[39],"this":[40],"paper,":[41],"we":[42,124],"develop":[43,106,125],"Spinner,":[44],"system":[46],"provides":[48],"general":[49],"input":[52,116,198],"including":[55,174,186],"OS/shell":[56],"command,":[57],"SQL,":[58],"XXE":[60],"injection.":[61],"Instead":[62],"of":[63,101,149,197],"focusing":[64],"on":[65,183],"detecting":[66],"malicious":[67],"inputs,":[68],"Spinner":[69,156],"constantly":[70],"randomizes":[71],"underlying":[72],"subsystems":[73],"so":[74],"injected":[76],"inputs":[77],"(e.g.,":[78],"commands":[79,140],"or":[80,141],"SQL":[81,142],"queries)":[82],"are":[84],"not":[85,89],"properly":[86],"randomized":[87,151],"will":[88],"be":[90],"executed,":[91],"hence":[92],"prevented.":[93],"We":[94,154],"revisit":[95],"choices":[100],"previous":[102],"randomization-based":[103],"techniques":[104,136],"more":[108],"robust":[109],"practical":[111],"various":[114],"attacks.":[118],"To":[119],"handle":[120],"complex":[121],"real-world":[122],"applications,":[123],"bidirectional":[127],"analysis":[128,135],"combines":[130],"forward":[131],"backward":[133],"static":[134],"identify":[138],"in-tended":[139],"queries":[143],"ensure":[145],"correct":[147],"execution":[148],"target":[152],"program.":[153],"implement":[155],"for":[157],"shell":[159],"command":[160],"processor":[161],"two":[163],"different":[164],"database":[165],"engines(MySQL":[166],"SQLite)":[168],"diverse":[171],"programming":[172],"languages":[173],"C/C++,":[175],"PHP,":[176],"JavaScript":[177],"Lua.":[179],"Our":[180],"evaluation":[181],"results":[182],"42real-world":[184],"applications":[185],"27":[187],"vulnerable":[188],"ones":[189],"show":[190],"it":[192],"effectively":[193],"prevents":[194],"variety":[196],"with":[201],"low":[202],"runtime":[203],"overhead":[204],"(around":[205],"5%).":[206]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}