{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3159092882","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3459930.3469528","title":"Synthesized difference in differences","display_name":"Synthesized difference in differences","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3159092882","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3459930.3469528","mag":"3159092882"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3459930.3469528","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3459930.3469528","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 12th ACM International Conference on Bioinformatics, Computational Biology, and Health Informatics","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2105.00455","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001887367","display_name":"Eric V. Strobl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0077-6314"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I901861585","display_name":"Vanderbilt University Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05dq2gs74","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162197","https://openalex.org/I901861585"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Eric V. Strobl","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vanderbilt University Medical Center","#N##TAB##TAB##TAB##TAB# Vanderbilt University Medical Center#N##TAB##TAB##TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vanderbilt University Medical Center","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I901861585"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"#N##TAB##TAB##TAB##TAB# Vanderbilt University Medical Center#N##TAB##TAB##TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I901861585"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081743115","display_name":"Thomas A. Lasko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2300-9529"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I901861585","display_name":"Vanderbilt University Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05dq2gs74","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162197","https://openalex.org/I901861585"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas A. Lasko","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vanderbilt University Medical Center","#N##TAB##TAB##TAB##TAB# Vanderbilt University Medical Center#N##TAB##TAB##TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vanderbilt University Medical Center","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I901861585"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"#N##TAB##TAB##TAB##TAB# Vanderbilt University Medical Center#N##TAB##TAB##TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I901861585"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001887367"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I901861585"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.06642889,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10845","display_name":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10845","display_name":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10136","display_name":"Statistical Methods and Inference","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10804","display_name":"Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/observational-study","display_name":"Observational study","score":0.9140052199363708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confounding","display_name":"Confounding","score":0.9045435786247253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/randomized-controlled-trial","display_name":"Randomized controlled trial","score":0.691918134689331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.5703079700469971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection-bias","display_name":"Selection bias","score":0.5701399445533752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample-size-determination","display_name":"Sample size determination","score":0.5463389754295349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.49988675117492676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sampling","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","score":0.4492345452308655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.4440116882324219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/econometrics","display_name":"Econometrics","score":0.44253817200660706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3807607591152191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.3620486259460449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.13020476698875427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-health","display_name":"Environmental health","score":0.0840941071510315}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23131810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q818574","display_name":"Observational study","level":2,"score":0.9140052199363708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77350462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1125472","display_name":"Confounding","level":2,"score":0.9045435786247253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168563851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436668","display_name":"Randomized controlled trial","level":2,"score":0.691918134689331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.5703079700469971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40423286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q284172","display_name":"Selection bias","level":2,"score":0.5701399445533752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129848803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2564360","display_name":"Sample size determination","level":2,"score":0.5463389754295349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.49988675117492676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.4492345452308655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4440116882324219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.44253817200660706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3807607591152191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3620486259460449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.13020476698875427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.0840941071510315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3459930.3469528","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3459930.3469528","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 12th ACM International Conference on Bioinformatics, Computational Biology, and Health Informatics","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2105.00455","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2105.00455","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2105.00455","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3159092882","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/pdf/2105.00455.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2105.00455","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2105.00455","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2105.00455","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2105.00455","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2105.00455","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8199999928474426,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3159092882.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3159092882.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964319030","https://openalex.org/W1998653759","https://openalex.org/W2062359581","https://openalex.org/W2064790857","https://openalex.org/W2066735350","https://openalex.org/W2070281442","https://openalex.org/W2079597004","https://openalex.org/W2080061756","https://openalex.org/W2085758661","https://openalex.org/W2097116748","https://openalex.org/W2102868524","https://openalex.org/W2104478709","https://openalex.org/W2132324173","https://openalex.org/W2149402043","https://openalex.org/W2150291618","https://openalex.org/W2168639902","https://openalex.org/W2332604647","https://openalex.org/W2766154692","https://openalex.org/W2963035763","https://openalex.org/W3005858821","https://openalex.org/W3024442490","https://openalex.org/W3115396879","https://openalex.org/W3123707900","https://openalex.org/W3134009837","https://openalex.org/W3139294800"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3186703572","https://openalex.org/W3043943563","https://openalex.org/W3201977812","https://openalex.org/W3013411824","https://openalex.org/W2032026400","https://openalex.org/W3009551409","https://openalex.org/W2951864425","https://openalex.org/W2468797085","https://openalex.org/W3002914855","https://openalex.org/W3200360449","https://openalex.org/W2993264924","https://openalex.org/W1523474716","https://openalex.org/W2789966595","https://openalex.org/W3213398770","https://openalex.org/W2972580375","https://openalex.org/W1899608845","https://openalex.org/W3193386657","https://openalex.org/W1523895497","https://openalex.org/W2151232694","https://openalex.org/W2906755726"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,45,102],"consider":[1],"estimating":[2],"the":[3,32,57,112,134,145,148],"conditional":[4,121],"average":[5],"treatment":[6,83],"effect":[7],"for":[8],"everyone":[9],"by":[10,77,117],"eliminating":[11],"confounding":[12,22,73,98],"and":[13,49,81,140],"selection":[14],"bias.":[15],"Unfortunately,":[16],"randomized":[17],"clinical":[18,34],"trials":[19],"(RCTs)":[20],"eliminate":[21],"but":[23,41],"impose":[24],"strict":[25],"exclusion":[26],"criteria":[27],"that":[28,71,91,110],"prevent":[29],"sampling":[30],"of":[31,59,123,133,150],"entire":[33],"population.":[35],"Observational":[36],"datasets":[37,142],"are":[38],"more":[39],"inclusive":[40],"suffer":[42],"from":[43,74],"confounding.":[44],"therefore":[46],"analyze":[47],"RCT":[48,127,146],"observational":[50,75],"data":[51,76],"simultaneously":[52],"in":[53,66,95,107],"order":[54],"to":[55],"extract":[56],"strengths":[58],"each.":[60],"Our":[61],"solution":[62],"builds":[63],"upon":[64],"Difference":[65,106],"Differences":[67,108],"(DD),":[68],"an":[69],"algorithm":[70,130],"eliminates":[72],"comparing":[78],"outcomes":[79],"before":[80],"after":[82],"administration.":[84],"DD":[85,124],"requires":[86],"a":[87,120],"parallel":[88],"slopes":[89,116],"assumption":[90],"may":[92],"not":[93],"apply":[94],"practice":[96],"when":[97,144],"shifts":[99],"across":[100,137],"time.":[101],"instead":[103],"propose":[104],"Synthesized":[105],"(SDD)":[109],"infers":[111],"correct":[113],"(possibly":[114],"non-parallel)":[115],"linearly":[118],"adjusting":[119],"version":[122],"using":[125],"additional":[126],"data.":[128],"The":[129],"achieves":[131],"state":[132],"art":[135],"performance":[136],"multiple":[138],"synthetic":[139],"real":[141],"even":[143],"excludes":[147],"majority":[149],"patients.":[151]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-02-09T09:26:11.010843","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}