{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3182160993","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3459606","title":"Quantum Annealing versus Digital Computing","display_name":"Quantum Annealing versus Digital Computing","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3182160993","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3459606","mag":"3182160993"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3459606","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3459606","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S201104086","display_name":"ACM Journal of Experimental Algorithmics","issn_l":"1084-6654","issn":["1084-6654"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Journal of Experimental Algorithmics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016595075","display_name":"Michael J\u00fcnger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7574-6646"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180923762","display_name":"University of Cologne","ror":"https://ror.org/00rcxh774","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180923762"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael J\u00fcnger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Cologne, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Cologne, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180923762"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062759299","display_name":"Elisabeth Lobe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3473-8906"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elisabeth Lobe","raw_affiliation_strings":["DLR German Aerospace Center, Braunschweig, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DLR German Aerospace Center, Braunschweig, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012801992","display_name":"Petra Mutzel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7621-971X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135140700","display_name":"University of Bonn","ror":"https://ror.org/041nas322","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135140700"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Petra Mutzel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computer Science, University of Bonn, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computer Science, University of Bonn, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135140700"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000892313","display_name":"Gerhard Reinelt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7193-501X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223822909","display_name":"Heidelberg University","ror":"https://ror.org/038t36y30","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223822909"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gerhard Reinelt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Heidelberg University, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Heidelberg University, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223822909"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036114620","display_name":"Franz Rendl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1578-9414"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166741","display_name":"University of Klagenfurt","ror":"https://ror.org/05q9m0937","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166741"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Franz Rendl","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, University of Klagenfurt, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, University of Klagenfurt, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166741"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103158920","display_name":"Giovanni Rinaldi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0148-2470"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162062","display_name":"Istituto di Analisi dei Sistemi ed Informatica Antonio Ruberti","ror":"https://ror.org/054ye0e45","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236","https://openalex.org/I4210162062"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giovanni Rinaldi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Istituto di Analisi dei Sistemi ed Informatica \u201cA. Ruberti\u201d \u2013 CNR, Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istituto di Analisi dei Sistemi ed Informatica \u201cA. Ruberti\u201d \u2013 CNR, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162062"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090753886","display_name":"Tobias Stollenwerk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5445-8082"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tobias Stollenwerk","raw_affiliation_strings":["DLR German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DLR German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.4121,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93481014,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"30"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10720","display_name":"Complexity and Algorithms in Graphs","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quadratic-unconstrained-binary-optimization","display_name":"Quadratic unconstrained binary optimization","score":0.9514301419258118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-annealing","display_name":"Quantum annealing","score":0.9028254747390747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ising-model","display_name":"Ising model","score":0.8169498443603516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.615990400314331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semidefinite-programming","display_name":"Semidefinite programming","score":0.610272228717804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulated-annealing","display_name":"Simulated annealing","score":0.5527598857879639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.5428057909011841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-computer","display_name":"Quantum computer","score":0.5328453183174133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic","display_name":"Heuristic","score":0.5130185484886169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorial-optimization","display_name":"Combinatorial optimization","score":0.4915669858455658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.45613959431648254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3750622868537903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3580562472343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.34191441535949707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.27822059392929077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.25105586647987366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-physics","display_name":"Statistical physics","score":0.1302596926689148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.12866324186325073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.12588897347450256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.11221227049827576}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177179195","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268372","display_name":"Quadratic unconstrained binary optimization","level":4,"score":0.9514301419258118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90408235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q938141","display_name":"Quantum annealing","level":4,"score":0.9028254747390747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51329190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1076349","display_name":"Ising model","level":2,"score":0.8169498443603516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.615990400314331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101901036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2269096","display_name":"Semidefinite programming","level":2,"score":0.610272228717804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126980161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q863783","display_name":"Simulated annealing","level":2,"score":0.5527598857879639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.5428057909011841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58053490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555","display_name":"Quantum computer","level":3,"score":0.5328453183174133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.5130185484886169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52692508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1333872","display_name":"Combinatorial optimization","level":2,"score":0.4915669858455658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.45613959431648254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3750622868537903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3580562472343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.34191441535949707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.27822059392929077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.25105586647987366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.1302596926689148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.12866324186325073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.12588897347450256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.11221227049827576}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3459606","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3459606","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S201104086","display_name":"ACM Journal of Experimental Algorithmics","issn_l":"1084-6654","issn":["1084-6654"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Journal of Experimental Algorithmics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:elib.dlr.de:146751","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196266","display_name":"elib (German Aerospace Center)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","host_organization_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Zeitschriftenbeitrag"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4163075775","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EXC-2047/1 ? 390685813","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W291625388","https://openalex.org/W781947166","https://openalex.org/W1508413598","https://openalex.org/W1581428370","https://openalex.org/W1636291537","https://openalex.org/W1965719193","https://openalex.org/W1967140769","https://openalex.org/W1973648690","https://openalex.org/W1979392010","https://openalex.org/W1985123706","https://openalex.org/W2001240121","https://openalex.org/W2006098914","https://openalex.org/W2012329067","https://openalex.org/W2013520638","https://openalex.org/W2031978868","https://openalex.org/W2033466009","https://openalex.org/W2038225707","https://openalex.org/W2043506441","https://openalex.org/W2049482546","https://openalex.org/W2059227596","https://openalex.org/W2060660073","https://openalex.org/W2065007370","https://openalex.org/W2073705438","https://openalex.org/W2117762142","https://openalex.org/W2129497110","https://openalex.org/W2129874988","https://openalex.org/W2161202741","https://openalex.org/W2401610261","https://openalex.org/W2514804811","https://openalex.org/W2587690780","https://openalex.org/W2729259575","https://openalex.org/W2769474857","https://openalex.org/W2793370298","https://openalex.org/W2794618278","https://openalex.org/W2887462821","https://openalex.org/W2897469996","https://openalex.org/W2897756034","https://openalex.org/W2900708788","https://openalex.org/W2921130960","https://openalex.org/W2924001020","https://openalex.org/W2964323614","https://openalex.org/W2972088227","https://openalex.org/W2990398346","https://openalex.org/W3004519960","https://openalex.org/W3098120853","https://openalex.org/W3099053134","https://openalex.org/W3102392596","https://openalex.org/W3109770881","https://openalex.org/W3124368734","https://openalex.org/W3124850851","https://openalex.org/W4242361212","https://openalex.org/W4289277151","https://openalex.org/W6603112649"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4380986281","https://openalex.org/W2917807404","https://openalex.org/W4316012214","https://openalex.org/W4388555437","https://openalex.org/W2893961859","https://openalex.org/W2006098914","https://openalex.org/W4287027624","https://openalex.org/W4224943954","https://openalex.org/W4320170173","https://openalex.org/W4385585333"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Quantum":[0],"annealing":[1,84],"is":[2,15],"getting":[3],"increasing":[4],"attention":[5],"in":[6,122],"combinatorial":[7],"optimization.":[8],"The":[9],"quantum":[10,83],"processing":[11],"unit":[12],"by":[13,99,113],"D-Wave":[14,86,101,128,152],"constructed":[16],"to":[17,30,62,77],"approximately":[18],"solve":[19],"Ising":[20,26,57],"models":[21,27,58],"on":[22,41,80,142],"so-called":[23],"Chimera":[24,60],"graphs.":[25,44],"are":[28],"equivalent":[29],"quadratic":[31],"unconstrained":[32],"binary":[33],"optimization":[34],"(QUBO)":[35],"problems":[36,40],"and":[37,65,135,159],"maximum":[38],"cut":[39],"the":[42,67,81,91,94,100,108,123,127,151],"associated":[43],"We":[45],"have":[46],"tailored":[47],"branch-and-cut":[48],"as":[49,51],"well":[50,126],"semidefinite":[52],"programming":[53],"algorithms":[54],"for":[55,59,72,90],"solving":[56],"graphs":[61],"provable":[63],"optimality":[64],"use":[66],"strength":[68],"of":[69,93,96,110,120],"these":[70],"approaches":[71],"comparing":[73],"our":[74,136],"solution":[75],"values":[76],"those":[78],"obtained":[79],"current":[82],"machine,":[85],"2000Q.":[87],"This":[88],"allows":[89],"assessment":[92],"quality":[95],"solutions":[97,158],"produced":[98],"hardware.":[102],"In":[103,145],"addition,":[104],"we":[105,147],"also":[106],"evaluate":[107],"performance":[109],"a":[111,118],"heuristic":[112],"Selby.":[114],"It":[115],"has":[116],"been":[117],"matter":[119],"discussion":[121],"literature":[124],"how":[125,149],"hardware":[129],"performs":[130],"at":[131],"its":[132],"native":[133],"task,":[134],"experiments":[137],"shed":[138],"some":[139,161],"more":[140],"light":[141],"this":[143],"issue.":[144],"particular,":[146],"examine":[148],"reliably":[150],"computer":[153],"can":[154],"deliver":[155],"true":[156],"optimum":[157],"present":[160],"surprising":[162],"results.":[163]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}