{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3174612393","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3458864.3466864","title":"SpaceBeam","display_name":"SpaceBeam","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3174612393","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3458864.3466864","mag":"3174612393"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3458864.3466864","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3458864.3466864","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3458864.3466864","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 19th Annual International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3458864.3466864","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009038866","display_name":"Timothy Woodford","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0496-3651"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California, San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Timothy Woodford","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California San Diego"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California San Diego","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100390687","display_name":"Xinyu Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9688-8056"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California, San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinyu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California San Diego"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California San Diego","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085678555","display_name":"Eugene Chai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1505-7368"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107353","display_name":"NEC (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01v791m31","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118347220","https://openalex.org/I4210107353"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eugene Chai","raw_affiliation_strings":["NEC Laboratories America"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NEC Laboratories America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107353"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018752163","display_name":"Karthikeyan Sundaresan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8089-4264"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107353","display_name":"NEC (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01v791m31","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118347220","https://openalex.org/I4210107353"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karthikeyan Sundaresan","raw_affiliation_strings":["NEC Laboratories America"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NEC Laboratories America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107353"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007036865","display_name":"Amir Khojastepour","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107353","display_name":"NEC (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01v791m31","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118347220","https://openalex.org/I4210107353"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amir Khojastepour","raw_affiliation_strings":["NEC Laboratories America"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NEC Laboratories America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107353"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009038866"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6173,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83327248,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"389","last_page":"401"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7798179388046265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.6244033575057983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.6170439720153809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.5600830316543579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ray-tracing","display_name":"Ray tracing (physics)","score":0.45674437284469604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4206472337245941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflection","display_name":"Reflection (computer programming)","score":0.4177490472793579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-latency","display_name":"Low latency (capital markets)","score":0.41704773902893066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3720512390136719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.15066781640052795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.10486072301864624}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7798179388046265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.6244033575057983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.6170439720153809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.5600830316543579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121483023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7298343","display_name":"Ray tracing (physics)","level":2,"score":0.45674437284469604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4206472337245941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65682993","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1056451","display_name":"Reflection (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.4177490472793579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46637626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6693015","display_name":"Low latency (capital markets)","level":2,"score":0.41704773902893066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3720512390136719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.15066781640052795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.10486072301864624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3458864.3466864","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3458864.3466864","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3458864.3466864","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 19th Annual International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3458864.3466864","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3458864.3466864","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3458864.3466864","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 19th Annual International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4004990333","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1925767","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4142660172","display_name":"CNS Core: Medium: Networked Smart Paper: Towards Invisible Wearables for Humans and Things","funder_award_id":"1901048","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5157038104","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1925767","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7274723968","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1901048","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8195999947","display_name":"NeTS: Large: Collaborative Research: GigaNets: A Path to Experimental Research in Millimeter Wave Networking","funder_award_id":"1952942","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3174612393.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3174612393.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1504983838","https://openalex.org/W1957167950","https://openalex.org/W1987648924","https://openalex.org/W2016279895","https://openalex.org/W2016285927","https://openalex.org/W2020108896","https://openalex.org/W2029751976","https://openalex.org/W2044963064","https://openalex.org/W2045041049","https://openalex.org/W2084282344","https://openalex.org/W2106275682","https://openalex.org/W2108672684","https://openalex.org/W2159347248","https://openalex.org/W2162898553","https://openalex.org/W2294599829","https://openalex.org/W2521188020","https://openalex.org/W2605315041","https://openalex.org/W2761083975","https://openalex.org/W2761994205","https://openalex.org/W2776330782","https://openalex.org/W2802957334","https://openalex.org/W2886253469","https://openalex.org/W2889969682","https://openalex.org/W2895784442","https://openalex.org/W2914111477","https://openalex.org/W2951145066","https://openalex.org/W2962912109","https://openalex.org/W2970203070","https://openalex.org/W3008956930","https://openalex.org/W3027985734","https://openalex.org/W3081368317","https://openalex.org/W3088695100","https://openalex.org/W3090386798","https://openalex.org/W3090927150","https://openalex.org/W3098782124","https://openalex.org/W4254301692"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2078379271","https://openalex.org/W2043460294","https://openalex.org/W4210712718","https://openalex.org/W1905398909","https://openalex.org/W3205411230","https://openalex.org/W4286899009","https://openalex.org/W9168048","https://openalex.org/W4300849822","https://openalex.org/W4376480820","https://openalex.org/W3155891479"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"mmWave":[0,24],"5G":[1],"networks":[2],"promise":[3],"to":[4,34,39,80,92,105],"enable":[5],"a":[6,13,66,74,90],"new":[7],"generation":[8],"of":[9,15,31,60],"networked":[10],"applications":[11],"requiring":[12],"combination":[14],"high":[16],"throughput":[17,134],"and":[18,82,100,132],"ultra-low":[19],"latency.":[20],"However,":[21],"in":[22,122,138],"practice,":[23],"performance":[25],"scales":[26],"poorly":[27],"for":[28],"large":[29],"numbers":[30],"users":[32],"due":[33],"the":[35,41,61,86,94,106],"significant":[36],"overhead":[37,54,118],"required":[38],"manage":[40],"highly-directional":[42],"beams.":[43],"We":[44,111],"find":[45],"that":[46,77,113],"we":[47,72],"can":[48],"substantially":[49],"reduce":[50],"or":[51],"eliminate":[52],"this":[53,103,114],"by":[55,65,119,129,135],"using":[56],"out-of-band":[57],"infrared":[58,87],"measurements":[59],"surrounding":[62],"environment":[63],"generated":[64],"LiDAR":[67],"sensor.":[68],"To":[69],"accomplish":[70],"this,":[71],"develop":[73],"ray-tracing":[75],"system":[76],"is":[78],"robust":[79],"noise":[81],"other":[83],"artifacts":[84],"from":[85,97],"sensor,":[88],"create":[89],"method":[91],"estimate":[93],"reflection":[95],"strength":[96],"sensor":[98],"data,":[99],"finally":[101],"apply":[102],"information":[104],"multiuser":[107],"beam":[108],"selection":[109],"process.":[110],"demonstrate":[112],"approach":[115],"reduces":[116],"beam-selection":[117],"over":[120,130,136],"95%":[121],"indoor":[123],"multi-user":[124],"scenarios,":[125],"reducing":[126],"network":[127],"latency":[128],"80%":[131],"increasing":[133],"2\u00d7":[137],"mobile":[139],"scenarios.":[140]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-18T14:38:29.013473","created_date":"2021-07-05T00:00:00"}