{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3165214486","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3457337.3457841","title":"Eth2Vec: Learning Contract-Wide Code Representations for Vulnerability Detection on Ethereum Smart Contracts","display_name":"Eth2Vec: Learning Contract-Wide Code Representations for Vulnerability Detection on Ethereum Smart Contracts","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3165214486","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3457337.3457841","mag":"3165214486"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3457337.3457841","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3457337.3457841","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3457337.3457841","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 3rd ACM International Symposium on Blockchain and Secure Critical Infrastructure","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3457337.3457841","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036776755","display_name":"Nami Ashizawa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3911-338X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98285908","display_name":"The University of Osaka","ror":"https://ror.org/035t8zc32","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nami Ashizawa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Osaka University, Suita-shi, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Osaka University, Suita-shi, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048334268","display_name":"Naoto Yanai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0817-6188"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98285908","display_name":"The University of Osaka","ror":"https://ror.org/035t8zc32","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naoto Yanai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Osaka University, Suita-shi, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Osaka University, Suita-shi, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033994867","display_name":"Jason Paul Cruz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9935-1534"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98285908","display_name":"The University of Osaka","ror":"https://ror.org/035t8zc32","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jason Paul Cruz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Osaka University, Suita-shi, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Osaka University, Suita-shi, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071395810","display_name":"Shingo Okamura","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5602-6494"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140361","display_name":"National Institute of Technology, Nara College","ror":"https://ror.org/034jd0m14","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120810","https://openalex.org/I4210140361"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shingo Okamura","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Technology &amp; Nara College, Yamatokoriyama-shi, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Technology &amp; Nara College, Yamatokoriyama-shi, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140361"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":22.7598,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":109,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.995243,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"47","last_page":"59"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9764000177383423,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9577000141143799,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7877711653709412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-contract","display_name":"Smart contract","score":0.6711465120315552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.6191126108169556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5832576155662537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.5763924717903137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.557471752166748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.5014171600341797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-machine","display_name":"Virtual machine","score":0.42224428057670593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.342680424451828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.21490970253944397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.10356226563453674}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7877711653709412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779950589","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7544035","display_name":"Smart contract","level":3,"score":0.6711465120315552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.6191126108169556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5832576155662537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5763924717903137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.557471752166748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.5014171600341797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25344961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192726","display_name":"Virtual machine","level":2,"score":0.42224428057670593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.342680424451828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.21490970253944397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.10356226563453674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3457337.3457841","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3457337.3457841","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3457337.3457841","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 3rd ACM International Symposium on Blockchain and Secure Critical Infrastructure","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3457337.3457841","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3457337.3457841","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3457337.3457841","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 3rd ACM International Symposium on Blockchain and Secure Critical Infrastructure","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3040988478","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"18K18049","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320912","display_name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/048rj2z13"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1412775481","https://openalex.org/W2298313545","https://openalex.org/W2516372287","https://openalex.org/W2538848838","https://openalex.org/W2539190473","https://openalex.org/W2598139937","https://openalex.org/W2604844934","https://openalex.org/W2752520290","https://openalex.org/W2788841915","https://openalex.org/W2790202156","https://openalex.org/W2805052744","https://openalex.org/W2805827286","https://openalex.org/W2807143630","https://openalex.org/W2876884816","https://openalex.org/W2884898944","https://openalex.org/W2885034081","https://openalex.org/W2886694146","https://openalex.org/W2888393465","https://openalex.org/W2899305453","https://openalex.org/W2901689459","https://openalex.org/W2908007588","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2926178846","https://openalex.org/W2949547296","https://openalex.org/W2950133940","https://openalex.org/W2950577311","https://openalex.org/W2954845633","https://openalex.org/W2963408280","https://openalex.org/W2963465913","https://openalex.org/W2963594166","https://openalex.org/W2963610883","https://openalex.org/W2963804993","https://openalex.org/W2966492225","https://openalex.org/W2970809537","https://openalex.org/W2975871742","https://openalex.org/W2978584252","https://openalex.org/W2985495886","https://openalex.org/W2986944522","https://openalex.org/W2994936169","https://openalex.org/W3000032641","https://openalex.org/W3001458527","https://openalex.org/W3003036212","https://openalex.org/W3005065812","https://openalex.org/W3007413911","https://openalex.org/W3010784915","https://openalex.org/W3092117182","https://openalex.org/W3095431539","https://openalex.org/W3104720502","https://openalex.org/W3105187050","https://openalex.org/W3151748982"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2090763504","https://openalex.org/W148178222","https://openalex.org/W2104657898","https://openalex.org/W1948992892","https://openalex.org/W1886884218","https://openalex.org/W1910826599","https://openalex.org/W2012353789","https://openalex.org/W2530420969","https://openalex.org/W2051187167","https://openalex.org/W1980100242"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ethereum":[0,9,104],"smart":[1,13,62,126],"contracts":[2,127],"are":[3,44],"programs":[4],"that":[5,158],"run":[6],"on":[7,165],"the":[8,20,130,138],"blockchain,":[10],"and":[11,137,154,177],"many":[12],"contract":[14],"vulnerabilities":[15,75,124],"have":[16,27],"been":[17,28],"discovered":[18],"in":[19,61,77,125,169],"past":[21],"decade.":[22],"Many":[23],"security":[24],"analysis":[25,56,83],"tools":[26,84],"created":[29],"to":[30,41],"detect":[31,74,123],"such":[32,151],"vulnerabilities,":[33],"but":[34],"their":[35],"performance":[36],"decreases":[37],"drastically":[38],"when":[39],"codes":[40],"be":[42],"analyzed":[43],"being":[45],"rewritten.":[46],"In":[47,96],"this":[48],"paper,":[49],"we":[50],"propose":[51],"Eth2Vec,":[52],"a":[53,113,161],"machine-learning-based":[54,81],"static":[55,82],"tool":[57],"for":[58,85,116],"vulnerability":[59,86],"detection":[60,87],"contracts.":[63],"It":[64],"is":[65],"also":[66],"robust":[67],"against":[68],"code":[69,131],"rewrites,":[70],"i.e.,":[71,174],"it":[72,141],"can":[73,122],"even":[76],"rewritten":[78],"codes.":[79],"Existing":[80],"need":[88],"features,":[89],"which":[90],"analysts":[91],"create":[92],"manually,":[93],"as":[94,152],"inputs.":[95],"contrast,":[97],"Eth2Vec":[98,121,159],"automatically":[99],"learns":[100],"features":[101],"of":[102,171],"vulnerable":[103],"Virtual":[105],"Machine":[106],"(EVM)":[107],"bytecodes":[108,136,140],"with":[109,147],"tacit":[110],"knowledge":[111],"through":[112],"neural":[114],"network":[115],"natural":[117],"language":[118],"processing.":[119],"Therefore,":[120],"by":[128],"comparing":[129],"similarity":[132],"between":[133],"target":[134],"EVM":[135,139],"already":[142],"learned.":[143],"We":[144],"conducted":[145],"experiments":[146],"existing":[148],"open":[149],"databases,":[150],"Etherscan,":[153],"our":[155],"results":[156],"show":[157],"outperforms":[160],"recent":[162],"model":[163],"based":[164],"support":[166],"vector":[167],"machine":[168],"terms":[170],"well-known":[172],"metrics,":[173],"precision,":[175],"recall,":[176],"F1-score.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
