{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200101119","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3457198","title":"The Impact of Terrestrial Radiation on FPGAs in Data Centers","display_name":"The Impact of Terrestrial Radiation on FPGAs in Data Centers","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200101119","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3457198"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3457198","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3457198","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112809824","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology and Systems","issn_l":"1936-7406","issn":["1936-7406","1936-7414"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073004665","display_name":"Andrew M. Keller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6285-5288"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100005738","display_name":"Brigham Young University","ror":"https://ror.org/047rhhm47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100005738"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew M. Keller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, UT"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6285-5288","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, UT","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100005738"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041342112","display_name":"Michael Wirthlin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0328-6713"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100005738","display_name":"Brigham Young University","ror":"https://ror.org/047rhhm47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100005738"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael J. Wirthlin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, UT"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, UT","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100005738"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100005738"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3934,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60885746,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"21"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11005","display_name":"Radiation Effects in Electronics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11005","display_name":"Radiation Effects in Electronics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11032","display_name":"VLSI and Analog Circuit Testing","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.8789127469062805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7400261163711548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-injection","display_name":"Fault injection","score":0.5636420845985413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.5467596650123596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-random-access-memory","display_name":"Static random-access memory","score":0.5126727819442749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.5092588663101196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-center","display_name":"Data center","score":0.5002098083496094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.4438782036304474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/host","display_name":"Host (biology)","score":0.43728816509246826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.2876996397972107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.19702783226966858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.10189983248710632}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.8789127469062805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7400261163711548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775928411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2041312","display_name":"Fault injection","level":3,"score":0.5636420845985413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.5467596650123596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68043766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267416","display_name":"Static random-access memory","level":2,"score":0.5126727819442749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.5092588663101196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153740404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q671224","display_name":"Data center","level":2,"score":0.5002098083496094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.4438782036304474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126831891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221673","display_name":"Host (biology)","level":2,"score":0.43728816509246826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.2876996397972107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.19702783226966858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.10189983248710632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3457198","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3457198","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112809824","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology and Systems","issn_l":"1936-7406","issn":["1936-7406","1936-7414"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.8299999833106995,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308988","display_name":"Utah Space Grant Consortium","ror":"https://ror.org/0028hgc48"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W42221544","https://openalex.org/W1979081194","https://openalex.org/W1988651200","https://openalex.org/W1997473119","https://openalex.org/W2007565138","https://openalex.org/W2023116290","https://openalex.org/W2061205755","https://openalex.org/W2062623691","https://openalex.org/W2107406097","https://openalex.org/W2127871209","https://openalex.org/W2136916461","https://openalex.org/W2141261360","https://openalex.org/W2161549238","https://openalex.org/W2542189141","https://openalex.org/W2559957313","https://openalex.org/W2583383421","https://openalex.org/W2768012251","https://openalex.org/W2799096764","https://openalex.org/W2917916339","https://openalex.org/W4245753197"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2770234245","https://openalex.org/W96612179","https://openalex.org/W4229499248","https://openalex.org/W2566006169","https://openalex.org/W1567818861","https://openalex.org/W3006277082","https://openalex.org/W2610634993","https://openalex.org/W2081738003","https://openalex.org/W2097660413","https://openalex.org/W2943396510"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Field":[0],"programmable":[1],"gate":[2],"arrays":[3],"(FPGAs)":[4],"are":[5,17,35,93,103],"used":[6,18,31],"in":[7,10,32,76,133,139],"large":[8],"numbers":[9],"data":[11,33,77,110],"centers":[12,34],"around":[13],"the":[14,69,114],"world.":[15],"They":[16],"for":[19],"cloud":[20],"computing":[21],"and":[22,44,84,124,146],"computer":[23],"networking.":[24],"The":[25],"most":[26,115],"common":[27],"type":[28],"of":[29,71,130],"FPGA":[30,91,122],"re-programmable":[36],"SRAM-based":[37],"FPGAs.":[38],"These":[39],"devices":[40],"offer":[41],"potential":[42],"performance":[43],"power":[45],"consumption":[46],"savings.":[47],"A":[48,95,127],"single":[49],"device":[50],"also":[51],"carries":[52],"a":[53],"small":[54],"susceptibility":[55],"to":[56,63,106],"radiation-induced":[57],"soft":[58],"errors,":[59],"which":[60],"can":[61],"lead":[62],"unexpected":[64],"behavior.":[65],"This":[66],"article":[67],"examines":[68],"impact":[70],"terrestrial":[72],"radiation":[73,86,107],"on":[74,88,144,152],"FPGAs":[75,132],"centers.":[78],"Results":[79],"from":[80],"artificial":[81],"fault":[82,97],"injection":[83,98],"accelerated":[85],"testing":[87],"several":[89],"data-center-like":[90],"applications":[92],"compared.":[94],"new":[96],"scheme":[99],"provides":[100],"results":[101],"that":[102],"more":[104],"similar":[105],"testing.":[108],"Silent":[109],"corruption":[111],"(SDC)":[112],"is":[113],"commonly":[116],"observed":[117],"failure":[118],"mode":[119],"followed":[120],"by":[121],"unavailable":[123],"host":[125],"unresponsive.":[126],"hypothetical":[128],"deployment":[129],"100,000":[131],"Denver,":[134],"Colorado,":[135],"will":[136],"experience":[137],"upsets":[138],"configuration":[140],"memory":[141],"every":[142,149],"half-hour":[143],"average":[145],"SDC":[147],"failures":[148],"0.5\u201311":[150],"days":[151],"average.":[153]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
