{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3165077915","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3457141","title":"Exploring Button Designs for Mid-air Interaction in Virtual Reality: A Hexa-metric Evaluation of Key Representations and Multi-modal Cues","display_name":"Exploring Button Designs for Mid-air Interaction in Virtual Reality: A Hexa-metric Evaluation of Key Representations and Multi-modal Cues","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3165077915","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3457141","mag":"3165077915"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3457141","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3457141","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183893","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction","issn_l":"2573-0142","issn":["2573-0142"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083032412","display_name":"Carlos Bermejo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9827-5528"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carlos Bermejo","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081811548","display_name":"Lik\u2010Hang Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1361-1612"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lik Hang Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["KAIST, South Korea and The University of Oulu, South Korea, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KAIST, South Korea and The University of Oulu, South Korea, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004283092","display_name":"Paul Chojecki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8807-0008"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800274787","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications, Heinrich Hertz Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02tbr6331","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800274787","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Chojecki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute HHI, Berlin, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute HHI, Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800274787"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033414262","display_name":"David Przewozny","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8459-9182"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800274787","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications, Heinrich Hertz Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02tbr6331","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800274787","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Przewozny","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute HHI, Berlin, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute HHI, Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800274787"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029925982","display_name":"Pan Hui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0848-2599"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pan Hui","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology &amp; University of Helsinki, Hong Kong, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology &amp; University of Helsinki, Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.0546,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":44,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92127585,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"EICS","first_page":"1","last_page":"26"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10914","display_name":"Tactile and Sensory Interactions","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10914","display_name":"Tactile and Sensory Interactions","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10789","display_name":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.7687182426452637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.7597309350967407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.7338998317718506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7005754113197327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.5882184505462646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modal","display_name":"Modal","score":0.5372085571289062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/haptic-technology","display_name":"Haptic technology","score":0.5326155424118042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/keystroke-logging","display_name":"Keystroke logging","score":0.5092254877090454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensory-cue","display_name":"Sensory cue","score":0.4504550099372864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.35064786672592163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.24030402302742004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10956341028213501}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.7687182426452637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.7597309350967407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.7338998317718506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7005754113197327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.5882184505462646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71139939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910194","display_name":"Modal","level":2,"score":0.5372085571289062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152086174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3030571","display_name":"Haptic technology","level":2,"score":0.5326155424118042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161615301","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309396","display_name":"Keystroke logging","level":2,"score":0.5092254877090454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111370547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451120","display_name":"Sensory cue","level":2,"score":0.4504550099372864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.35064786672592163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.24030402302742004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10956341028213501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188027245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750446","display_name":"Polymer chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3457141","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3457141","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183893","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction","issn_l":"2573-0142","issn":["2573-0142"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:fraunhofer.de:N-636586","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://publica.fraunhofer.de/documents/N-636586.html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400801","display_name":"Publikationsdatenbank der Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Fraunhofer HHI","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:null:publica/269135","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/269135","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400318","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"journal article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.hkust.edu.hk:1783.1-111210","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-85107339811&origin=inward","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.ust.hk:1783.1-111210","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.ust.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-111210","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":68,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W16836143","https://openalex.org/W1986738380","https://openalex.org/W1995226545","https://openalex.org/W1995928231","https://openalex.org/W1997447598","https://openalex.org/W2008181407","https://openalex.org/W2008526074","https://openalex.org/W2010297533","https://openalex.org/W2010940091","https://openalex.org/W2015247397","https://openalex.org/W2017261127","https://openalex.org/W2024441255","https://openalex.org/W2030113953","https://openalex.org/W2030815099","https://openalex.org/W2031057421","https://openalex.org/W2039761060","https://openalex.org/W2040464349","https://openalex.org/W2043862988","https://openalex.org/W2044402624","https://openalex.org/W2056027583","https://openalex.org/W2079778212","https://openalex.org/W2084332016","https://openalex.org/W2092592614","https://openalex.org/W2102380381","https://openalex.org/W2105646568","https://openalex.org/W2107655853","https://openalex.org/W2119429908","https://openalex.org/W2123917150","https://openalex.org/W2126514505","https://openalex.org/W2141976444","https://openalex.org/W2150606742","https://openalex.org/W2168443748","https://openalex.org/W2176018869","https://openalex.org/W2212836212","https://openalex.org/W2345768504","https://openalex.org/W2398648768","https://openalex.org/W2406081171","https://openalex.org/W2427239670","https://openalex.org/W2481131508","https://openalex.org/W2498911758","https://openalex.org/W2520811545","https://openalex.org/W2537863445","https://openalex.org/W2608969146","https://openalex.org/W2739428528","https://openalex.org/W2740906911","https://openalex.org/W2765396887","https://openalex.org/W2778508313","https://openalex.org/W2795428663","https://openalex.org/W2795625669","https://openalex.org/W2795730217","https://openalex.org/W2820122854","https://openalex.org/W2887523690","https://openalex.org/W2911316599","https://openalex.org/W2941169744","https://openalex.org/W2941443690","https://openalex.org/W2942266009","https://openalex.org/W2943077631","https://openalex.org/W2950607081","https://openalex.org/W2960243907","https://openalex.org/W2970355225","https://openalex.org/W2972839661","https://openalex.org/W2979051136","https://openalex.org/W2983330073","https://openalex.org/W2990297284","https://openalex.org/W3030580294","https://openalex.org/W3032353359","https://openalex.org/W4229715030","https://openalex.org/W4232156886"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W156716224","https://openalex.org/W2111871955","https://openalex.org/W3175380930","https://openalex.org/W4233260495","https://openalex.org/W1989694608","https://openalex.org/W2139876914","https://openalex.org/W2108167108","https://openalex.org/W2348224808","https://openalex.org/W4309505616","https://openalex.org/W1520722479"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"continued":[1],"advancement":[2],"in":[3,26,45],"user":[4],"interfaces":[5],"comes":[6],"to":[7,40,89],"the":[8,38,42,46,49,91,96,105,127,138,143,148,156],"era":[9],"of":[10,18,34,53,68,75,98,151],"virtual":[11,29,55,69,93,152],"reality":[12,30,153],"that":[13,104],"requires":[14],"a":[15],"better":[16,134],"understanding":[17],"how":[19],"users":[20,109,128],"will":[21],"interact":[22],"with":[23,110,129],"3D":[24,139],"buttons":[25,56,107,131,154],"mid-air.":[27],"Although":[28],"owns":[31],"high":[32],"levels":[33],"expressiveness":[35],"and":[36,78,95,113,145],"demonstrates":[37],"ability":[39],"simulate":[41],"daily":[43],"objects":[44],"physical":[47,99],"environment,":[48],"most":[50],"fundamental":[51],"issue":[52],"designing":[54],"is":[57],"surprisingly":[58],"ignored.":[59],"To":[60],"this":[61,63],"end,":[62],"paper":[64],"presents":[65],"four":[66,92],"variants":[67,94],"buttons,":[70],"considering":[71],"two":[72,86,157],"design":[73,149,159],"dimensions":[74],"key":[76],"representations":[77],"multi-modal":[79],"cues":[80,123],"(audio,":[81],"visual,":[82],"haptic).":[83],"We":[84,141],"conduct":[85],"multi-metric":[87],"assessments":[88],"evaluate":[90],"baselines":[97],"variants.":[100],"Our":[101],"results":[102],"indicate":[103],"3D-lookalike":[106],"help":[108],"more":[111],"refined":[112],"subtle":[114],"mid-air":[115],"interactions":[116],"(i.e.":[117],"lesser":[118],"press":[119],"depth)":[120],"when":[121],"haptic":[122],"are":[124],"available;":[125],"while":[126],"2D-lookalike":[130],"unintuitively":[132],"achieve":[133],"keystroke":[135],"performance":[136],"than":[137],"counterparts.":[140],"summarize":[142],"findings,":[144],"accordingly,":[146],"suggest":[147],"choices":[150],"among":[155],"proposed":[158],"dimensions.":[160]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
