{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2394688096","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3456867","title":"How to Delegate Computations: The Power of No-Signaling Proofs","display_name":"How to Delegate Computations: The Power of No-Signaling Proofs","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2394688096","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3456867","mag":"2394688096"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3456867","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3456867","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S118992489","display_name":"Journal of the ACM","issn_l":"0004-5411","issn":["0004-5411","1557-735X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the ACM","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081254473","display_name":"Yael Tauman Kalai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9406-7734"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164937","display_name":"Microsoft Research (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/05k87vq12","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4400600948","display_name":"Microsoft Research New England (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/010wkqn50","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4400600948"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yael Tauman Kalai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research and MIT","Microsoft Research New, England#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research and MIT","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research New, England#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164937","https://openalex.org/I4400600948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041545934","display_name":"Ran Raz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1656-2258"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40036882","display_name":"Institute for Advanced Study","ror":"https://ror.org/00f809463","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40036882"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I53964585","display_name":"Weizmann Institute of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/0316ej306","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I53964585"]}],"countries":["IL","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ran Raz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University and the Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel","Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot, Israel and Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University and the Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I53964585"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot, Israel and Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I53964585","https://openalex.org/I40036882"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049757682","display_name":"Ron D. Rothblum","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5481-7276"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174306211","display_name":"Technion \u2013 Israel Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03qryx823","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174306211"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I53964585","display_name":"Weizmann Institute of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/0316ej306","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I53964585"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ron D. Rothblum","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technion - Israel Institute of Technology","Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot , Israel"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5481-7276","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technion - Israel Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174306211"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot , Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I53964585"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4198,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67164492,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"69","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"82"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12002","display_name":"Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms","score":0.9810000061988831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10720","display_name":"Complexity and Algorithms in Graphs","score":0.9789000153541565,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gas-meter-prover","display_name":"Gas meter prover","score":0.8824899792671204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-proof","display_name":"Mathematical proof","score":0.6601203680038452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/delegation","display_name":"Delegation","score":0.5701492428779602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5593170523643494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pspace","display_name":"PSPACE","score":0.5439207553863525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.5329082608222961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.4237360656261444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satisfiability","display_name":"Satisfiability","score":0.4119594097137451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.4098012447357178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.3900914192199707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-complexity-theory","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","score":0.2576948404312134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.25754252076148987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.0991874635219574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159718280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5526353","display_name":"Gas meter prover","level":3,"score":0.8824899792671204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108710211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11538","display_name":"Mathematical proof","level":2,"score":0.6601203680038452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86532276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1184065","display_name":"Delegation","level":2,"score":0.5701492428779602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5593170523643494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197685441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q500716","display_name":"PSPACE","level":3,"score":0.5439207553863525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.5329082608222961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4237360656261444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168773769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1350299","display_name":"Satisfiability","level":2,"score":0.4119594097137451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4098012447357178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.3900914192199707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.2576948404312134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.25754252076148987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0991874635219574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3456867","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3456867","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S118992489","display_name":"Journal of the ACM","issn_l":"0004-5411","issn":["0004-5411","1557-735X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the ACM","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"mag:2949495624","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eprint.iacr.org/2013/862.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764847869","display_name":"IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614454"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cryptology ePrint Archive"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive","raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:2394688096","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.44999998807907104,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322252","display_name":"Israel Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/04sazxf24"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4180724","https://openalex.org/W167928972","https://openalex.org/W174102541","https://openalex.org/W1510433903","https://openalex.org/W1521660974","https://openalex.org/W1538440442","https://openalex.org/W1540469777","https://openalex.org/W1557386445","https://openalex.org/W1577653766","https://openalex.org/W1963094505","https://openalex.org/W1992282993","https://openalex.org/W1998660432","https://openalex.org/W2023675273","https://openalex.org/W2027911682","https://openalex.org/W2031533839","https://openalex.org/W2067047774","https://openalex.org/W2067596507","https://openalex.org/W2078715027","https://openalex.org/W2082647621","https://openalex.org/W2116653107","https://openalex.org/W2119210589","https://openalex.org/W2121059863","https://openalex.org/W2122597842","https://openalex.org/W2127851424","https://openalex.org/W2144238522","https://openalex.org/W2146099890","https://openalex.org/W2148352980","https://openalex.org/W2148791594","https://openalex.org/W2154654620","https://openalex.org/W2156708311","https://openalex.org/W2166670067","https://openalex.org/W2195657359","https://openalex.org/W2218607027","https://openalex.org/W2283590027","https://openalex.org/W2293988196","https://openalex.org/W2337421628","https://openalex.org/W2494395658","https://openalex.org/W2625723895","https://openalex.org/W2766830205","https://openalex.org/W2809609136","https://openalex.org/W2888609041","https://openalex.org/W2889307377","https://openalex.org/W2912272112","https://openalex.org/W2951003715","https://openalex.org/W2951221994","https://openalex.org/W2951723981","https://openalex.org/W2952604022","https://openalex.org/W3013339249","https://openalex.org/W3034793941","https://openalex.org/W3082337096","https://openalex.org/W3083903395","https://openalex.org/W4210966189","https://openalex.org/W4252948584","https://openalex.org/W4256317935","https://openalex.org/W6606067566","https://openalex.org/W6966805652"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2023675273","https://openalex.org/W2148634692","https://openalex.org/W2949387839","https://openalex.org/W2809609136","https://openalex.org/W2416431186","https://openalex.org/W2953110807","https://openalex.org/W2156708311","https://openalex.org/W2097136514","https://openalex.org/W53264231","https://openalex.org/W2897936394","https://openalex.org/W2939872691","https://openalex.org/W2811088724","https://openalex.org/W1996362572","https://openalex.org/W2783323265","https://openalex.org/W2089421253","https://openalex.org/W3192071094","https://openalex.org/W2212766738","https://openalex.org/W2135952940","https://openalex.org/W3196690149","https://openalex.org/W2625723895"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,270],"construct":[1,153],"a":[2,55,70,84,108,154,241,260,266],"1-round":[3,242],"delegation":[4,56,92,243],"scheme":[5,57],"(i.e.,":[6],"argument-system)":[7],"for":[8,48],"every":[9,49],"language":[10,50,142],"computable":[11,143],"in":[12,51,113,144],"time":[13,23,35,61,145,170,191],"t":[14,16,30,44,146,148,177,186,200],"=":[15,147],"(":[17,29,43,77,149,158,176,185,199],"n":[18,40,150,196],"),":[19,151,160,178,187],"where":[20,167],"the":[21,25,33,37,67,88,94,114,130,168,172,179,189,193,207,247,278],"running":[22,34,169,190],"of":[24,36,69,90,96,116,171,181,192,209,259,268],"prover":[26],"is":[27,39,127,174,183,195,222,275,281],"poly":[28,175],")":[31,79],"and":[32,93,126,188],"verifier":[38,194],"\u00b7":[41,197],"polylog":[42,184,198],").":[45,201],"In":[46,202],"particular,":[47,203],"P":[52],"we":[53,152,245],"obtain":[54],"with":[58,120],"almost":[59],"linear":[60],"verification.":[62],"Our":[63],"construction":[64],"relies":[65],"on":[66],"existence":[68],"computational":[71],"sub-exponentially":[72],"secure":[73,276,282],"private":[74],"information":[75,134],"retrieval":[76],"PIR":[78,261],"scheme.":[80,262],"The":[81],"proof":[82,157,267],"exploits":[83],"curious":[85],"connection":[86],"between":[87],"problem":[89],"computation":[91],"model":[95,109],"multi-prover":[97,117,155],"interactive":[98,118,156],"proofs":[99,119],"that":[100,110,122,133,161,206,211,216,272],"are":[101,217],"sound":[102,163,218],"against":[103,164,219,283],"no-signaling":[104,165,220,284],"(cheating)":[105],"strategies":[106],",":[107],"was":[111,229],"studied":[112],"context":[115],"provers":[121,173,182],"share":[123],"quantum":[124],"entanglement,":[125],"motivated":[128],"by":[129,250],"physical":[131],"principle":[132],"cannot":[135],"travel":[136],"faster":[137],"than":[138],"light.":[139],"For":[140],"any":[141],"MIP":[159,214,239,280],"is,":[162],"strategies,":[166,221],"number":[180],"this":[204,227,273],"shows":[205],"class":[208,228],"languages":[210],"have":[212],"polynomial-time":[213],"s":[215],"exactly":[223],"EXP":[224],".":[225,235],"Previously,":[226],"only":[230],"known":[231],"to":[232],"contain":[233],"PSPACE":[234],"To":[236],"convert":[237],"our":[238],"into":[240],"scheme,":[244],"use":[246,258],"method":[248,264,274],"suggested":[249],"Aiello":[251],"et":[252],"al.":[253],"(ICALP,":[254],"2000),":[255],"which":[256],"makes":[257],"This":[263],"lacked":[265],"security.":[269],"prove":[271],"assuming":[277],"underlying":[279],"provers.":[285]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}