{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3167079987","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3456415.3456455","title":"A Theoretical Analysis Based on Kullback-Leibler Divergence in Sampling Size for WiFi Fingerprint-based Localization","display_name":"A Theoretical Analysis Based on Kullback-Leibler Divergence in Sampling Size for WiFi Fingerprint-based Localization","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3167079987","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3456415.3456455","mag":"3167079987"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3456415.3456455","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3456415.3456455","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 9th International Conference on Communications and Broadband Networking","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101836779","display_name":"Xiaomeng Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4009-5011"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2722730","display_name":"Inner Mongolia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0106qb496","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2722730"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Li xiaomeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Inner Mongolia University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inner Mongolia University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2722730"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019333522","display_name":"Xiangyu Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9072-3346"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2722730","display_name":"Inner Mongolia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0106qb496","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2722730"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li xiangyu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Inner Mongolia University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inner Mongolia University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2722730"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101451719","display_name":"Zhe Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1959-8244"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang zhe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shan Dong University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shan Dong University, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101836779"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2722730"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3008,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.55117976,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"244","last_page":"249"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12879","display_name":"Distributed Sensor Networks and Detection Algorithms","score":0.9876000285148621,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9815999865531921,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fingerprint","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","score":0.8327474594116211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rss","display_name":"RSS","score":0.7915170192718506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/divergence","display_name":"Divergence (linguistics)","score":0.7901879549026489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kullback\u2013leibler-divergence","display_name":"Kullback\u2013Leibler divergence","score":0.7346653342247009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sampling","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","score":0.6497414112091064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian","display_name":"Gaussian","score":0.6070322394371033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5938050150871277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5658238530158997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-strength","display_name":"Signal strength","score":0.5361316800117493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/limit","display_name":"Limit (mathematics)","score":0.5068047642707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.4083993434906006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3949892520904541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3777832090854645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2820297181606293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.22864660620689392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.20137575268745422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.0770808756351471}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777826928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3745713","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","level":2,"score":0.8327474594116211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2385561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45432","display_name":"RSS","level":2,"score":0.7915170192718506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207390915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230525","display_name":"Divergence (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.7901879549026489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171752962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q255166","display_name":"Kullback\u2013Leibler divergence","level":2,"score":0.7346653342247009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.6497414112091064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.6070322394371033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5938050150871277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5658238530158997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176808163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17105794","display_name":"Signal strength","level":3,"score":0.5361316800117493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151201525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177239","display_name":"Limit (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5068047642707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.4083993434906006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3949892520904541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3777832090854645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2820297181606293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.22864660620689392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.20137575268745422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0770808756351471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3456415.3456455","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3456415.3456455","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 9th International Conference on Communications and Broadband Networking","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.6399999856948853}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1526075880","https://openalex.org/W1998812182","https://openalex.org/W2095143852","https://openalex.org/W2170102584","https://openalex.org/W2170240475","https://openalex.org/W2258339546","https://openalex.org/W2278572312","https://openalex.org/W2294656113","https://openalex.org/W2730845691","https://openalex.org/W2940728701","https://openalex.org/W3022013625","https://openalex.org/W4234835238","https://openalex.org/W4242115716"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2162859609","https://openalex.org/W4200318234","https://openalex.org/W2022445516","https://openalex.org/W150547863","https://openalex.org/W1891938465","https://openalex.org/W2982532306","https://openalex.org/W1550605711","https://openalex.org/W1639914594","https://openalex.org/W2048360654","https://openalex.org/W4237766728"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Currently,":[0],"WiFi-based":[1,15],"infrastructure":[2],"and":[3,13,71,78,89,114,123,127],"equipment":[4],"are":[5,125],"ubiquitous,":[6],"which":[7],"makes":[8],"it":[9],"promising":[10],"to":[11,42,75,109],"develop":[12],"deploy":[14],"indoor":[16],"positioning":[17],"systems,":[18],"such":[19],"as":[20],"the":[21,33,54,61,79,86,90,104,110,117,129],"most":[22],"popular":[23],"WiFi":[24,37],"fingerprint-based":[25,38],"location":[26],"technology.":[27],"This":[28],"paper":[29],"discusses":[30],"one":[31],"of":[32,47,112,119,131],"key":[34],"problems":[35],"in":[36],"localization,":[39],"namely":[40],"how":[41],"sample":[43],"a":[44],"sufficient":[45],"number":[46,111,118],"received":[48],"signal":[49],"strength":[50],"(RSS)":[51],"measurements":[52],"during":[53],"offline":[55],"site":[56],"survey.":[57],"To":[58],"this":[59,132],"end,":[60],"Kullback-Leibler":[62],"Divergence":[63],"(KLD)":[64],"between":[65,85],"two":[66],"Gaussian":[67],"distributions":[68],"is":[69,72,93,106],"proposed":[70],"then":[73],"extended":[74],"real":[76],"distribution":[77,88,92],"sampling":[80,91],"distribution.":[81],"The":[82,99],"expected":[83],"KLD":[84,105],"true":[87],"formulated":[94],"by":[95],"Central":[96],"Limit":[97],"Theorem.":[98],"theoretical":[100],"analysis":[101],"reveals":[102],"that":[103],"only":[107],"related":[108],"samples,":[113],"decreases":[115],"with":[116],"samples.":[120],"Extensive":[121],"simulations":[122],"experiments":[124],"conducted":[126],"confirm":[128],"effectiveness":[130],"study.":[133]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}