{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3182520603","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3453648","title":"Application Threats to Exploit Northbound Interface Vulnerabilities in Software Defined Networks","display_name":"Application Threats to Exploit Northbound Interface Vulnerabilities in Software Defined Networks","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3182520603","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3453648","mag":"3182520603"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3453648","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3453648","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052909420","display_name":"Bilal Rauf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3203-7807"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bilal Rauf","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Sciences and Technology, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Sciences and Technology, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100777102","display_name":"Haider Abbas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2437-4870"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haider Abbas","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Sciences and Technology, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Sciences and Technology, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101969431","display_name":"Muhammad Usman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9828-0738"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I128993996","display_name":"University of South Wales","ror":"https://ror.org/02mzn7s88","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I128993996"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Usman","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of South Wales, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of South Wales, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I128993996"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013801886","display_name":"Tanveer Zia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3802-5687"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153230381","display_name":"Charles Sturt University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wfvh315","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153230381"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tanveer A. Zia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Charles Sturt University, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Charles Sturt University, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153230381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032009749","display_name":"Waseem Iqbal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3616-2621"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Waseem Iqbal","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Sciences and Technology, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Sciences and Technology, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108504100","display_name":"Yawar Abbas","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yawar Abbas","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Sciences and Technology, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Sciences and Technology, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009591817","display_name":"Hammad Afzal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9583-5585"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hammad Afzal","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Sciences and Technology, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Sciences and Technology, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5052909420"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.3834,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88960856,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"54","issue":"6","first_page":"1","last_page":"36"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8319669961929321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.6993837356567383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6664583683013916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface","display_name":"Interface (matter)","score":0.6444770693778992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.5320371985435486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/component","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","score":0.4993126392364502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forwarding-plane","display_name":"Forwarding plane","score":0.4732521176338196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-defined-networking","display_name":"Software-defined networking","score":0.4402572810649872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standardization","display_name":"Standardization","score":0.4318273067474365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.43138206005096436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.23223161697387695}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8319669961929321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.6993837356567383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6664583683013916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.6444770693778992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.5320371985435486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.4993126392364502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10597312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5473302","display_name":"Forwarding plane","level":3,"score":0.4732521176338196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77270119","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1655198","display_name":"Software-defined networking","level":2,"score":0.4402572810649872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188087704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q369577","display_name":"Standardization","level":2,"score":0.4318273067474365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.43138206005096436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.23223161697387695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129307140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795880","display_name":"Maximum bubble pressure method","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157915830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2928001","display_name":"Bubble","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3453648","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3453648","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/bf80b6d9-bf1d-4342-aeb1-340660d926f2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.edgehill.ac.uk/en/publications/bf80b6d9-bf1d-4342-aeb1-340660d926f2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402462","display_name":"Edge Hill University Research Information Repository (Edge Hill University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I165525304","host_organization_name":"Edge Hill University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165525304"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Rauf, B, Abbas, H, USMAN, MUHAMMAD, A. Zia, T, Iqbal, W, Abbas, Y & Afzal, H 2022, 'Application Threats to Exploit Northbound Interface Vulnerabilities in Software Defined Networks', ACM Computing Surveys, vol. 54, no. 6, 121, pp. 1 - 36. https://doi.org/10.1145/3453648","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":90,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W95608104","https://openalex.org/W637710941","https://openalex.org/W766097457","https://openalex.org/W1540797064","https://openalex.org/W1574861039","https://openalex.org/W1605586974","https://openalex.org/W1980599059","https://openalex.org/W2007111180","https://openalex.org/W2016334899","https://openalex.org/W2019419295","https://openalex.org/W2022758041","https://openalex.org/W2024046562","https://openalex.org/W2026356331","https://openalex.org/W2040678819","https://openalex.org/W2043067467","https://openalex.org/W2047339217","https://openalex.org/W2047400303","https://openalex.org/W2054876181","https://openalex.org/W2062596448","https://openalex.org/W2064266822","https://openalex.org/W2067551786","https://openalex.org/W2071187149","https://openalex.org/W2084939632","https://openalex.org/W2089939717","https://openalex.org/W2099501333","https://openalex.org/W2110880524","https://openalex.org/W2112700013","https://openalex.org/W2122109510","https://openalex.org/W2123548135","https://openalex.org/W2124430419","https://openalex.org/W2134970254","https://openalex.org/W2137845741","https://openalex.org/W2139870147","https://openalex.org/W2147118406","https://openalex.org/W2157034822","https://openalex.org/W2164336170","https://openalex.org/W2189113631","https://openalex.org/W2235039675","https://openalex.org/W2246658194","https://openalex.org/W2275015310","https://openalex.org/W2276629685","https://openalex.org/W2288643294","https://openalex.org/W2296015661","https://openalex.org/W2298376471","https://openalex.org/W2313873621","https://openalex.org/W2317848211","https://openalex.org/W2321886673","https://openalex.org/W2419665292","https://openalex.org/W2434182820","https://openalex.org/W2460461231","https://openalex.org/W2464452712","https://openalex.org/W2495947746","https://openalex.org/W2546865059","https://openalex.org/W2548067625","https://openalex.org/W2550252820","https://openalex.org/W2553652196","https://openalex.org/W2566400795","https://openalex.org/W2577949344","https://openalex.org/W2586514507","https://openalex.org/W2605571852","https://openalex.org/W2615348467","https://openalex.org/W2615924942","https://openalex.org/W2621633840","https://openalex.org/W2699477874","https://openalex.org/W2740981508","https://openalex.org/W2753344501","https://openalex.org/W2794286798","https://openalex.org/W2801127281","https://openalex.org/W2801299695","https://openalex.org/W2801521645","https://openalex.org/W2804113891","https://openalex.org/W2808025094","https://openalex.org/W2886525784","https://openalex.org/W2887562860","https://openalex.org/W2895794481","https://openalex.org/W2944200754","https://openalex.org/W2960429755","https://openalex.org/W2976487595","https://openalex.org/W2996674639","https://openalex.org/W3012454270","https://openalex.org/W3013752716","https://openalex.org/W3040745125","https://openalex.org/W3042570465","https://openalex.org/W4229922789","https://openalex.org/W4233126987","https://openalex.org/W4241396842","https://openalex.org/W4242543111","https://openalex.org/W4249726634","https://openalex.org/W4256052058","https://openalex.org/W6622396664"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4214777079","https://openalex.org/W3122360749","https://openalex.org/W4377224402","https://openalex.org/W2547441564","https://openalex.org/W2051935741","https://openalex.org/W4211055425","https://openalex.org/W3130460901","https://openalex.org/W2292300552","https://openalex.org/W2130026698","https://openalex.org/W2926903444"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Software":[0],"Defined":[1],"Networking":[2,209],"(SDN)":[3],"is":[4,147],"an":[5],"evolving":[6],"technology":[7],"that":[8,37,99],"decouples":[9],"the":[10,14,19,49,56,63,92,100,108,111,131,134,142,163,180,198,219,224],"control":[11,20,50,112],"functionality":[12],"from":[13,42],"underlying":[15],"hardware":[16],"managed":[17],"by":[18,158,173,207],"plane.":[21],"The":[22,149,194,215],"application":[23,52],"plane":[24],"supports":[25],"programmers":[26],"to":[27,54,62,87,176,182],"develop":[28],"numerous":[29],"applications":[30,58,67,175,185],"(such":[31],"as":[32,72],"networking,":[33],"management,":[34],"security,":[35],"etc.)":[36],"can":[38],"even":[39],"be":[40],"executed":[41],"remote":[43],"locations.":[44],"Northbound":[45],"interface":[46,118],"(NBI)":[47],"bridges":[48],"and":[51,68,81,102,116,170,186,202],"planes":[53],"execute":[55],"third-party":[57],"business":[59],"logic.":[60],"Due":[61],"software":[64],"bugs":[65],"in":[66,121,192],"existing":[69],"vulnerabilities":[70,167],"such":[71],"illegal":[73],"function":[74],"calling,":[75],"resource":[76],"exhaustion,":[77],"lack":[78],"of":[79,110,133,141,155,165,168,179,205,226],"trust,":[80],"so":[82],"on,":[83],"NBIs":[84],"are":[85,189,212],"susceptible":[86],"different":[88],"attacks.":[89],"Based":[90],"on":[91,107,162],"extensive":[93],"literature":[94],"review,":[95],"we":[96],"have":[97,104],"identified":[98],"researchers":[101,181],"academia":[103],"mainly":[105],"focused":[106],"security":[109,132,203,225],"plane,":[113,115],"data":[114],"southbound":[117],"(SBI).":[119],"NBI,":[120,146,166,169],"comparison,":[122],"has":[123],"received":[124],"far":[125],"less":[126],"attention.":[127],"In":[128],"this":[129],"article,":[130],"least":[135],"explored,":[136],"but":[137],"a":[138,152,159,227],"critical":[139],"component":[140],"SDN":[143,206],"architecture,":[144],"i.e.,":[145],"analyzed.":[148],"article":[150,216],"provides":[151],"brief":[153],"overview":[154],"SDN,":[156],"followed":[157],"detailed":[160],"discussion":[161],"categories":[164],"threats":[171],"posed":[172],"malicious":[174,184],"NBI.":[177,230],"Efforts":[178],"counter":[183],"NBI":[187,201],"issues":[188],"then":[190],"discussed":[191],"detail.":[193],"standardization":[195],"efforts":[196],"for":[197,223],"single":[199,228],"acceptable":[200,229],"requirements":[204],"Open":[208],"Foundation":[210],"(ONF)":[211],"also":[213],"presented.":[214],"concludes":[217],"with":[218],"future":[220],"research":[221],"directions":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-06T13:50:29.536080","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
