{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3174357804","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3453483.3454080","title":"DreamCoder: bootstrapping inductive program synthesis with wake-sleep library learning","display_name":"DreamCoder: bootstrapping inductive program synthesis with wake-sleep library learning","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3174357804","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3453483.3454080","mag":"3174357804"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3453483.3454080","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3453483.3454080","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 42nd ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/145949","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009201646","display_name":"Kevin Ellis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6586-0632"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin Ellis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cornell University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cornell University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059568414","display_name":"Catherine Wong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8814-7629"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Catherine Wong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112464301","display_name":"Maxwell Nye","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maxwell Nye","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074529317","display_name":"Mathias Sabl\u00e9-Meyer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0844-0775"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I187986737","display_name":"Coll\u00e8ge de France","ror":"https://ror.org/04ex24z53","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187986737"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2746051580","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris Sciences et Lettres","ror":"https://ror.org/013cjyk83","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2746051580"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mathias Sabl\u00e9-Meyer","raw_affiliation_strings":["PSL University, France / Coll\u00e8ge de France, France / NeuroSpin, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PSL University, France / Coll\u00e8ge de France, France / NeuroSpin, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187986737","https://openalex.org/I2746051580"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110626083","display_name":"Lucas Morales","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lucas Morales","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045843874","display_name":"Luke Hewitt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8278-7692"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luke Hewitt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081308346","display_name":"Luc Cary","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luc Cary","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010786661","display_name":"Armando Solar-Lezama","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7604-8252"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Armando Solar-Lezama","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071093940","display_name":"Joshua B. Tenenbaum","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1925-2035"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joshua B. Tenenbaum","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":18.2092,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":96,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99273039,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"835","last_page":"850"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9901999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9891999959945679,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/program-synthesis","display_name":"Program synthesis","score":0.8140571117401123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7731178402900696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bootstrapping","display_name":"Bootstrapping (finance)","score":0.5784839987754822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4910867214202881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inductive-bias","display_name":"Inductive bias","score":0.4883973002433777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.46360859274864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.44107693433761597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graphics","display_name":"Graphics","score":0.42779213190078735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.39677804708480835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3941802382469177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3576437830924988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-task-learning","display_name":"Multi-task learning","score":0.1212654709815979}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776937632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117718","display_name":"Program synthesis","level":2,"score":0.8140571117401123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7731178402900696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207609745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4944086","display_name":"Bootstrapping (finance)","level":2,"score":0.5784839987754822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4910867214202881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197352929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074074","display_name":"Inductive bias","level":4,"score":0.4883973002433777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.46360859274864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.44107693433761597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21442007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027879","display_name":"Graphics","level":2,"score":0.42779213190078735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.39677804708480835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3941802382469177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3576437830924988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28006648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6934509","display_name":"Multi-task learning","level":3,"score":0.1212654709815979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106159729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2294553","display_name":"Financial economics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3453483.3454080","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3453483.3454080","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 42nd ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.mit.edu:1721.1/145949","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/145949","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400425","display_name":"DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","host_organization_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ACM|Proceedings of the 42nd ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation","raw_type":"http://purl.org/eprint/type/ConferencePaper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.mit.edu:1721.1/145949","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/145949","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400425","display_name":"DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","host_organization_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ACM|Proceedings of the 42nd ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation","raw_type":"http://purl.org/eprint/type/ConferencePaper"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1104793311","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1918839 and 1231216","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2082912093","display_name":"Expeditions: Collaborative Research: Understanding the World Through Code","funder_award_id":"1918839","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4698562369","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA9550-16-1-0012","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","funder_display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","ror":"https://ror.org/011e9bt93"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","display_name":"Army Research Office","ror":"https://ror.org/05epdh915"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1245209268","https://openalex.org/W1557561422","https://openalex.org/W1562162659","https://openalex.org/W1586357756","https://openalex.org/W1769664091","https://openalex.org/W1858945639","https://openalex.org/W1866580805","https://openalex.org/W1950644452","https://openalex.org/W1971824836","https://openalex.org/W1979769287","https://openalex.org/W1993845689","https://openalex.org/W2045255985","https://openalex.org/W2045300586","https://openalex.org/W2055477538","https://openalex.org/W2093535699","https://openalex.org/W2106705916","https://openalex.org/W2109910161","https://openalex.org/W2118024132","https://openalex.org/W2131257014","https://openalex.org/W2132525863","https://openalex.org/W2152397470","https://openalex.org/W2157331557","https://openalex.org/W2158615804","https://openalex.org/W2163976959","https://openalex.org/W2194321275","https://openalex.org/W2295914203","https://openalex.org/W2323746689","https://openalex.org/W2402035130","https://openalex.org/W2403468034","https://openalex.org/W2550100435","https://openalex.org/W2594639291","https://openalex.org/W2601273560","https://openalex.org/W2601450892","https://openalex.org/W2605102758","https://openalex.org/W2768805914","https://openalex.org/W2785439365","https://openalex.org/W2798628553","https://openalex.org/W2802751390","https://openalex.org/W2898586683","https://openalex.org/W2905304202","https://openalex.org/W2910040435","https://openalex.org/W2913613828","https://openalex.org/W2955270045","https://openalex.org/W2955867755","https://openalex.org/W2963220331","https://openalex.org/W2963642948","https://openalex.org/W2964358651","https://openalex.org/W2970498626","https://openalex.org/W2971270287","https://openalex.org/W2971291256","https://openalex.org/W2998483464","https://openalex.org/W3012572620","https://openalex.org/W3021721431","https://openalex.org/W3089841590","https://openalex.org/W3147069655","https://openalex.org/W4237412827","https://openalex.org/W4241222526","https://openalex.org/W4242576058"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1534274833","https://openalex.org/W3117246195","https://openalex.org/W156620619","https://openalex.org/W2098233217","https://openalex.org/W2914363205","https://openalex.org/W2616249226","https://openalex.org/W2997844990","https://openalex.org/W1598221548","https://openalex.org/W2081850291","https://openalex.org/W3174357804"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,94,115],"present":[1],"a":[2,12,22,28,34,59,81],"system":[3],"for":[4],"inductive":[5],"program":[6,31,101],"synthesis":[7,15,47,102],"called":[8],"DreamCoder,":[9],"which":[10],"inputs":[11],"corpus":[13],"of":[14,30,61,85,90],"problems":[16],"each":[17,55],"specified":[18],"by":[19],"one":[20],"or":[21],"few":[23],"examples,":[24],"and":[25,33,51,104,112,122,131],"automatically":[26],"derives":[27],"library":[29,50,84,121],"components":[32],"neural":[35,123],"search":[36,52,124],"policy":[37,53,125],"that":[38,117],"can":[39],"be":[40],"used":[41],"to":[42,127],"efficiently":[43],"solve":[44],"other":[45,56],"similar":[46],"problems.":[48],"The":[49],"bootstrap":[54],"iteratively":[57],"through":[58],"variant":[60],"\"wake-sleep\"":[62],"approximate":[63],"Bayesian":[64],"learning.":[65],"A":[66],"new":[67],"refactoring":[68],"algorithm":[69],"based":[70],"on":[71,96],"E-graph":[72],"matching":[73],"identifies":[74],"common":[75],"sub-components":[76],"across":[77],"synthesized":[78],"programs,":[79],"building":[80],"progressively":[82],"deepening":[83],"abstractions":[86],"capturing":[87],"the":[88,91,120],"structure":[89],"input":[92],"domain.":[93],"evaluate":[95],"eight":[97],"domains":[98],"including":[99],"classic":[100],"areas":[103],"AI":[105],"tasks":[106],"such":[107],"as":[108],"planning,":[109],"inverse":[110],"graphics,":[111],"equation":[113],"discovery.":[114],"show":[116],"jointly":[118],"learning":[119],"leads":[126],"solving":[128,132],"more":[129,134],"problems,":[130],"them":[133],"quickly.":[135]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-06-22T08:00:12.763002","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}