{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3124881767","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3453483.3454050","title":"Porcupine: a synthesizing compiler for vectorized homomorphic encryption","display_name":"Porcupine: a synthesizing compiler for vectorized homomorphic encryption","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3124881767","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3453483.3454050","mag":"3124881767"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3453483.3454050","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3453483.3454050","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 42nd ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2101.07841","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044149951","display_name":"Meghan Cowan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1052-0179"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2252078561","display_name":"Meta (Israel)","ror":"https://ror.org/02388em19","country_code":"IL","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2252078561","https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114444","display_name":"Meta (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01zbnvs85","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]}],"countries":["IL","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Meghan Cowan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Facebook Reality Labs Research, USA","Facebook"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Facebook Reality Labs Research, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Facebook","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2252078561"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077343167","display_name":"Deeksha Dangwal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1259-426X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2252078561","display_name":"Meta (Israel)","ror":"https://ror.org/02388em19","country_code":"IL","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2252078561","https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114444","display_name":"Meta (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01zbnvs85","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]}],"countries":["IL","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deeksha Dangwal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Facebook Reality Labs Research, USA","Facebook"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Facebook Reality Labs Research, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Facebook","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2252078561"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038032703","display_name":"Armin Alaghi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2055-6754"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2252078561","display_name":"Meta (Israel)","ror":"https://ror.org/02388em19","country_code":"IL","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2252078561","https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114444","display_name":"Meta (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01zbnvs85","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]}],"countries":["IL","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Armin Alaghi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Facebook Reality Labs Research, USA","Facebook"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Facebook Reality Labs Research, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Facebook","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2252078561"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070082070","display_name":"Caroline Trippel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5776-1121"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Caroline Trippel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, USA","Stanford University ()"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University ()","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102925500","display_name":"Vincent T. Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7440-0291"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2252078561","display_name":"Meta (Israel)","ror":"https://ror.org/02388em19","country_code":"IL","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2252078561","https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114444","display_name":"Meta (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01zbnvs85","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]}],"countries":["IL","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vincent T. Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Facebook Reality Labs Research, USA","Facebook"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Facebook Reality Labs Research, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Facebook","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2252078561"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089173037","display_name":"Brandon Reagen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1932-2750"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102475099","display_name":"Sup\u00e9lec","ror":"https://ror.org/00n7gwn90","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102475099"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I15196421","display_name":"University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland","ror":"https://ror.org/05ep8g269","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I15196421"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102264","display_name":"Shandong University of Political Science and Law","ror":"https://ror.org/01b2j5886","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102264"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["CH","CN","FR","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brandon Reagen","raw_affiliation_strings":["New York University, USA","New York University<sup>**</sup>"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New York University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"New York University<sup>**</sup>","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I15196421","https://openalex.org/I4210102264","https://openalex.org/I102475099"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":5,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044149951"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2252078561","https://openalex.org/I4210114444"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5598,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71718971,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"375","last_page":"389"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10720","display_name":"Complexity and Algorithms in Graphs","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8919456005096436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compiler","display_name":"Compiler","score":0.6167841553688049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.5520725846290588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homomorphic-encryption","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","score":0.5170567631721497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operand","display_name":"Operand","score":0.4918391704559326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4833759665489197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simd","display_name":"SIMD","score":0.47297823429107666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic","display_name":"Heuristic","score":0.42691951990127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.420565664768219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3261471390724182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.31025931239128113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1272335946559906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.11439716815948486}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8919456005096436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169590947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47506","display_name":"Compiler","level":2,"score":0.6167841553688049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.5520725846290588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158338273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154943","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","level":3,"score":0.5170567631721497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55526617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q719375","display_name":"Operand","level":2,"score":0.4918391704559326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4833759665489197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150552126","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q339387","display_name":"SIMD","level":2,"score":0.47297823429107666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.42691951990127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.420565664768219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3261471390724182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.31025931239128113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1272335946559906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.11439716815948486}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3453483.3454050","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3453483.3454050","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 42nd ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2101.07841","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2101.07841","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2101.07841","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3124881767","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2101.07841.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2101.07841","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2101.07841","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2101.07841","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2101.07841","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2101.07841","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3124881767.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3124881767.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W44936433","https://openalex.org/W192814132","https://openalex.org/W1493343761","https://openalex.org/W1579437898","https://openalex.org/W1873763122","https://openalex.org/W1971286892","https://openalex.org/W2012312630","https://openalex.org/W2027193703","https://openalex.org/W2029318567","https://openalex.org/W2031533839","https://openalex.org/W2070712658","https://openalex.org/W2088492763","https://openalex.org/W2094878426","https://openalex.org/W2096870293","https://openalex.org/W2097061283","https://openalex.org/W2100877271","https://openalex.org/W2107633422","https://openalex.org/W2108556169","https://openalex.org/W2110848488","https://openalex.org/W2117767383","https://openalex.org/W2134734244","https://openalex.org/W2136952590","https://openalex.org/W2158106499","https://openalex.org/W2162960800","https://openalex.org/W2163671349","https://openalex.org/W2177209050","https://openalex.org/W2226167778","https://openalex.org/W2233194383","https://openalex.org/W2276356546","https://openalex.org/W2315671126","https://openalex.org/W2403789702","https://openalex.org/W2768174108","https://openalex.org/W2783769334","https://openalex.org/W2890611886","https://openalex.org/W2914500262","https://openalex.org/W2929650703","https://openalex.org/W2955401130","https://openalex.org/W2980019266","https://openalex.org/W2983934213","https://openalex.org/W2987932087","https://openalex.org/W3012235108","https://openalex.org/W3028867652","https://openalex.org/W3029372783","https://openalex.org/W3033405216","https://openalex.org/W3033581399","https://openalex.org/W3102723029","https://openalex.org/W3145555275","https://openalex.org/W4234222550","https://openalex.org/W4242364663","https://openalex.org/W6607754154","https://openalex.org/W6778434676"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3169419954","https://openalex.org/W2897925395","https://openalex.org/W2766727538","https://openalex.org/W1589893694","https://openalex.org/W2159291506","https://openalex.org/W2139971536","https://openalex.org/W2079602590","https://openalex.org/W2924022660","https://openalex.org/W2552279830","https://openalex.org/W3033509590","https://openalex.org/W2592095899","https://openalex.org/W2797202077","https://openalex.org/W3102723029","https://openalex.org/W2100232637","https://openalex.org/W2955723980","https://openalex.org/W2050957594","https://openalex.org/W1578161803","https://openalex.org/W2472217442","https://openalex.org/W198337952","https://openalex.org/W3166453435"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Homomorphic":[0],"encryption":[1],"(HE)":[2],"is":[3],"a":[4],"privacy-preserving":[5],"technique":[6],"that":[7],"enables":[8],"computation":[9],"directly":[10],"on":[11],"encrypted":[12],"data.":[13],"Despite":[14],"its":[15],"promise,":[16],"HE":[17,45],"has":[18,31],"seen":[19],"limited":[20],"use":[21],"due":[22],"to":[23,35],"performance":[24,38],"overheads":[25,39],"and":[26],"compilation":[27,42],"challenges.":[28],"Recent":[29],"work":[30],"made":[32],"significant":[33],"advances":[34],"address":[36],"the":[37],"but":[40],"automatic":[41],"of":[43],"efficient":[44],"kernels":[46],"remains":[47],"relatively":[48],"unexplored.":[49]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
