{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3197450565","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3453173","title":"After-Action Review for AI (AAR/AI)","display_name":"After-Action Review for AI (AAR/AI)","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3197450565","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3453173","mag":"3197450565"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3453173","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3453173","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173818","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2160-6455","issn":["2160-6455","2160-6463"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053324798","display_name":"Jonathan Dodge","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5175-5962"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131249849","display_name":"Oregon State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ysfqy60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan Dodge","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062639832","display_name":"Roli Khanna","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131249849","display_name":"Oregon State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ysfqy60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roli Khanna","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081015851","display_name":"Jed Irvine","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131249849","display_name":"Oregon State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ysfqy60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jed Irvine","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061223981","display_name":"Kin-Ho Lam","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131249849","display_name":"Oregon State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ysfqy60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kin-ho Lam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062938439","display_name":"Theresa Mai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131249849","display_name":"Oregon State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ysfqy60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Theresa Mai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053090744","display_name":"Zhengxian Lin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131249849","display_name":"Oregon State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ysfqy60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhengxian Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036757568","display_name":"Nicholas George Kiddle","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131249849","display_name":"Oregon State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ysfqy60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicholas Kiddle","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022881075","display_name":"Evan Newman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131249849","display_name":"Oregon State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ysfqy60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Evan Newman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074383732","display_name":"A. W. Anderson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4964-6059"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131249849","display_name":"Oregon State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ysfqy60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Anderson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103982691","display_name":"Sai Raja","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131249849","display_name":"Oregon State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ysfqy60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sai Raja","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102445092","display_name":"Caleb Matthews","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131249849","display_name":"Oregon State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ysfqy60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Caleb Matthews","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046415186","display_name":"Christopher Perdriau","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3495-6214"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131249849","display_name":"Oregon State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ysfqy60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher Perdriau","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011173372","display_name":"Margaret Burnett","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6536-7629"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131249849","display_name":"Oregon State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ysfqy60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Margaret Burnett","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030052689","display_name":"Alan Fern","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5851-8935"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131249849","display_name":"Oregon State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ysfqy60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alan Fern","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.7522,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90921288,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"3-4","first_page":"1","last_page":"35"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9919000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9919000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.963699996471405,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formative-assessment","display_name":"Formative assessment","score":0.6525521874427795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.575860321521759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5723563432693481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/action","display_name":"Action (physics)","score":0.5208554863929749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automated-planning-and-scheduling","display_name":"Automated planning and scheduling","score":0.4252264201641083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.423021525144577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.42176929116249084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.34512466192245483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research","display_name":"Operations research","score":0.3224109709262848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13838011026382446}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42525527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1209955","display_name":"Formative assessment","level":2,"score":0.6525521874427795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.575860321521759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5723563432693481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5208554863929749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114073186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2631895","display_name":"Automated planning and scheduling","level":2,"score":0.4252264201641083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.423021525144577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.42176929116249084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.34512466192245483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.3224109709262848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13838011026382446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3453173","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3453173","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173818","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2160-6455","issn":["2160-6455","2160-6463"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.8199999928474426}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3959814348","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"#N66001-17-2-4030","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","funder_display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1553147342","https://openalex.org/W1791587663","https://openalex.org/W1981015521","https://openalex.org/W1997200953","https://openalex.org/W2048783550","https://openalex.org/W2056988287","https://openalex.org/W2060935106","https://openalex.org/W2062588940","https://openalex.org/W2065267227","https://openalex.org/W2097695938","https://openalex.org/W2137576942","https://openalex.org/W2137577228","https://openalex.org/W2140995456","https://openalex.org/W2142225512","https://openalex.org/W2152813220","https://openalex.org/W2154157725","https://openalex.org/W2157289187","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2303413189","https://openalex.org/W2561057401","https://openalex.org/W2595640485","https://openalex.org/W2611274842","https://openalex.org/W2616028256","https://openalex.org/W2762613847","https://openalex.org/W2786004891","https://openalex.org/W2793962634","https://openalex.org/W2795737619","https://openalex.org/W2795743913","https://openalex.org/W2798302089","https://openalex.org/W2807298419","https://openalex.org/W2891548690","https://openalex.org/W2897042519","https://openalex.org/W2903808828","https://openalex.org/W2910506125","https://openalex.org/W2913615284","https://openalex.org/W2916904544","https://openalex.org/W2918497321","https://openalex.org/W2940995469","https://openalex.org/W2941455863","https://openalex.org/W2963327228","https://openalex.org/W2963395533","https://openalex.org/W2963857521","https://openalex.org/W2964135091","https://openalex.org/W2964277809","https://openalex.org/W2966578325","https://openalex.org/W2970837303","https://openalex.org/W2990540492","https://openalex.org/W3010468287","https://openalex.org/W3010499686","https://openalex.org/W3032875465","https://openalex.org/W3081859834","https://openalex.org/W3099361686","https://openalex.org/W3100279624","https://openalex.org/W3138771162","https://openalex.org/W4213225265","https://openalex.org/W4233145949","https://openalex.org/W4239816899","https://openalex.org/W4288359825","https://openalex.org/W4296978576","https://openalex.org/W4299335686","https://openalex.org/W4406957118"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4392721137","https://openalex.org/W609482051","https://openalex.org/W3199325201","https://openalex.org/W2792035366","https://openalex.org/W4386050096","https://openalex.org/W2360976019","https://openalex.org/W2906881146","https://openalex.org/W2351166673","https://openalex.org/W2768698792","https://openalex.org/W3033920833"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Explainable":[0],"AI":[1,7,17,26,92],"is":[2,63],"growing":[3],"in":[4,36,46,56,79,102,116,146],"importance":[5],"as":[6],"pervades":[8],"modern":[9],"society,":[10],"but":[11],"few":[12],"have":[13],"studied":[14],"how":[15],"explainable":[16],"can":[18],"directly":[19],"support":[20],"people":[21,32,97],"trying":[22],"to":[23,40,54,70,94,113,124,162,176,193,200],"assess":[24,71,98],"an":[25,88],"agent.":[27],"Without":[28],"a":[29,64,103,182],"rigorous":[30],"process,":[31],"may":[33],"approach":[34],"assessment":[35,47],"ad":[37],"hoc":[38],"ways\u2014leading":[39],"the":[41,49,129,133,138,147,151,154,170,179,197,202],"possibility":[42],"of":[43,48,140,185],"wide":[44,183],"variations":[45,55],"same":[50],"agent":[51,180],"due":[52],"only":[53],"their":[57,164],"processes.":[58],"AAR,":[59],"or":[60],"After-Action":[61,89],"Review,":[62],"method":[65],"some":[66],"military":[67],"organizations":[68],"use":[69],"human":[72,114],"agents,":[73],"and":[74,128,135,166,188],"it":[75],"has":[76],"been":[77],"validated":[78],"many":[80],"domains.":[81],"Drawing":[82],"upon":[83,132],"this":[84],"strategy,":[85],"we":[86],"derived":[87],"Review":[90],"for":[91],"(AAR/AI),":[93],"organize":[95,163],"ways":[96],"reinforcement":[99],"learning":[100],"agents":[101],"sequential":[104],"decision-making":[105],"environment.":[106],"We":[107],"then":[108],"investigated":[109,122],"what":[110],"AAR/AI":[111,123,148,160,173,195],"brought":[112],"assessors":[115],"two":[117],"qualitative":[118],"studies.":[119],"The":[120],"first":[121],"gather":[125],"formative":[126],"information,":[127],"second":[130],"built":[131],"results,":[134],"also":[136],"varied":[137],"type":[139],"explanation":[141],"(model-free":[142],"vs.":[143],"model-based)":[144],"used":[145],"process.":[149],"Among":[150],"results":[152],"were":[153,191],"following:":[155],"(1)":[156],"participants":[157,175,190],"reporting":[158],"that":[159],"helped":[161],"thoughts":[165],"think":[167],"logically":[168],"about":[169,178],"agent,":[171],"(2)":[172],"encouraged":[174],"reason":[177],"from":[181],"range":[184],"perspectives":[186],",":[187],"(3)":[189],"able":[192],"leverage":[194],"with":[196],"model-based":[198],"explanations":[199],"falsify":[201],"agent\u2019s":[203],"predictions.":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
