{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3165076188","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3453161","title":"Survey on Blockchain Networking","display_name":"Survey on Blockchain Networking","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3165076188","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3453161","mag":"3165076188"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3453161","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3453161","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025541721","display_name":"Maya Dotan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6576-9724"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197251160","display_name":"Hebrew University of Jerusalem","ror":"https://ror.org/03qxff017","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197251160"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maya Dotan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hebrew University, Israel"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6576-9724","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hebrew University, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197251160"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061384202","display_name":"Yvonne-Anne Pignolet","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0837-7948"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yvonne-Anne Pignolet","raw_affiliation_strings":["DFINITY, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DFINITY, Switzerland","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066080641","display_name":"Stefan Schmid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7798-1711"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129774422","display_name":"University of Vienna","ror":"https://ror.org/03prydq77","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129774422"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefan Schmid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer Science, University of Vienna, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7798-1711","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science, University of Vienna, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129774422"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016900076","display_name":"Saar Tochner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6614-2560"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197251160","display_name":"Hebrew University of Jerusalem","ror":"https://ror.org/03qxff017","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197251160"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saar Tochner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hebrew University, Israel"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6614-2560","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hebrew University, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197251160"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015458414","display_name":"Aviv Zohar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8539-9222"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197251160","display_name":"Hebrew University of Jerusalem","ror":"https://ror.org/03qxff017","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197251160"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aviv Zohar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hebrew University, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hebrew University, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197251160"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":18.3436,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":90,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99272616,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"54","issue":"5","first_page":"1","last_page":"34"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.9832000136375427,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9672999978065491,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8695878982543945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptocurrency","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","score":0.7223386168479919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-research","display_name":"Open research","score":0.5816853046417236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol-stack","display_name":"Protocol stack","score":0.5739389061927795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database-transaction","display_name":"Database transaction","score":0.5467922687530518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5394253730773926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.4990043640136719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-topology","display_name":"Network topology","score":0.48019468784332275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.4797959625720978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4762970507144928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.47609102725982666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.41249942779541016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.36073291301727295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.33875420689582825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.32809978723526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.1867566704750061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.14319390058517456}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8695878982543945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180706569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13479982","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","level":2,"score":0.7223386168479919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778464652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309849","display_name":"Open research","level":2,"score":0.5816853046417236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38601921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1757693","display_name":"Protocol stack","level":3,"score":0.5739389061927795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.5467922687530518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5394253730773926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4990043640136719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199845137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145490","display_name":"Network topology","level":2,"score":0.48019468784332275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4797959625720978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4762970507144928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.47609102725982666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.41249942779541016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.36073291301727295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.33875420689582825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.32809978723526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.1867566704750061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.14319390058517456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3453161","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3453161","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","score":0.47999998927116394,"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1413855161","display_name":"Fast and Quantitative What-if Analysis for Dependable Communication Networks (WHATIF)","funder_award_id":"ICT19-045","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321003","funder_display_name":"Vienna Science and Technology Fund"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321003","display_name":"Vienna Science and Technology Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/01f9mc681"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":78,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W13439346","https://openalex.org/W87727730","https://openalex.org/W151187442","https://openalex.org/W1561395581","https://openalex.org/W1978649650","https://openalex.org/W1995488889","https://openalex.org/W2002384781","https://openalex.org/W2010072061","https://openalex.org/W2022929184","https://openalex.org/W2042473526","https://openalex.org/W2057248704","https://openalex.org/W2066462806","https://openalex.org/W2103863878","https://openalex.org/W2119245106","https://openalex.org/W2127612127","https://openalex.org/W2130555261","https://openalex.org/W2143624305","https://openalex.org/W2158259254","https://openalex.org/W2182035090","https://openalex.org/W2295506186","https://openalex.org/W2507734872","https://openalex.org/W2511446761","https://openalex.org/W2535104337","https://openalex.org/W2536325433","https://openalex.org/W2551240797","https://openalex.org/W2604248381","https://openalex.org/W2611050176","https://openalex.org/W2612918079","https://openalex.org/W2739579064","https://openalex.org/W2739845435","https://openalex.org/W2767855054","https://openalex.org/W2770856063","https://openalex.org/W2808766182","https://openalex.org/W2810171132","https://openalex.org/W2886706106","https://openalex.org/W2887324440","https://openalex.org/W2890542555","https://openalex.org/W2891903667","https://openalex.org/W2897676665","https://openalex.org/W2902629989","https://openalex.org/W2909113448","https://openalex.org/W2914982603","https://openalex.org/W2915827872","https://openalex.org/W2922790685","https://openalex.org/W2944812228","https://openalex.org/W2946960383","https://openalex.org/W2947736742","https://openalex.org/W2949205249","https://openalex.org/W2954193225","https://openalex.org/W2962702554","https://openalex.org/W2963978499","https://openalex.org/W2964809090","https://openalex.org/W2967779153","https://openalex.org/W2968198449","https://openalex.org/W2969251831","https://openalex.org/W2972485789","https://openalex.org/W2979346785","https://openalex.org/W2979611216","https://openalex.org/W2982021892","https://openalex.org/W2982212956","https://openalex.org/W2999854354","https://openalex.org/W3013306990","https://openalex.org/W3015486462","https://openalex.org/W3035408628","https://openalex.org/W3043123213","https://openalex.org/W3047886495","https://openalex.org/W3052000481","https://openalex.org/W3080905855","https://openalex.org/W3093960777","https://openalex.org/W3095660977","https://openalex.org/W3111910660","https://openalex.org/W4231866917","https://openalex.org/W4237694890","https://openalex.org/W4244183172","https://openalex.org/W4244621073","https://openalex.org/W4289677853","https://openalex.org/W4300913593","https://openalex.org/W6762757430"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W3048554917","https://openalex.org/W3211706803","https://openalex.org/W4382775358","https://openalex.org/W4246942721","https://openalex.org/W3209862047","https://openalex.org/W4303984095","https://openalex.org/W2040729671","https://openalex.org/W2139587243"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Blockchains,":[0],"in":[1,8,61],"general,":[2],"and":[3,15,22,33,100,105,110,135,143],"cryptocurrencies":[4],"such":[5],"as":[6,155],"Bitcoin,":[7],"particular,":[9,62,123],"are":[10,74,167],"realized":[11],"using":[12],"distributed":[13],"systems":[14],"hence":[16,151],"critically":[17],"rely":[18],"on":[19,30,46,162],"the":[20,25,50,64,80,96,131,141,160],"performance":[21],"security":[23],"of":[24,49,71,95,126,164],"interconnecting":[26],"network.":[27],"The":[28],"requirements":[29],"these":[31,58,72,127],"networks":[32,73],"their":[34],"usage,":[35],"however,":[36],"can":[37,150],"differ":[38],"significantly":[39],"from":[40,98,118],"traditional":[41,138],"communication":[42],"networks,":[43,112,139],"with":[44,137],"implications":[45],"all":[47],"layers":[48],"protocol":[51],"stack.":[52],"This":[53],"article":[54,149],"is":[55],"motivated":[56],"by":[57,63],"differences":[59,134],"and,":[60],"observation":[65],"that":[66],"many":[67],"fundamental":[68],"design":[69],"aspects":[70],"not":[75],"well-understood":[76],"today.":[77],"To":[78],"support":[79],"networking":[81],"community":[82],"to":[83,85,108,158],"contribute":[84],"this":[86],"emerging":[87],"application":[88],"domain,":[89],"we":[90,129],"present":[91],"a":[92,156],"structured":[93],"overview":[94],"field,":[97],"topology":[99],"neighbor":[101],"discovery,":[102],"over":[103],"block":[104],"transaction":[106],"propagation,":[107],"sharding":[109],"off-chain":[111],"also":[113,152],"reviewing":[114],"existing":[115],"empirical":[116],"results":[117],"different":[119],"measurement":[120],"studies.":[121],"In":[122],"for":[124],"each":[125],"domains,":[128],"provide":[130],"context,":[132],"highlighting":[133],"commonalities":[136],"review":[140],"state-of-the-art,":[142],"identify":[144],"open":[145],"research":[146],"challenges.":[147],"Our":[148],"be":[153],"seen":[154],"call-to-arms":[157],"improve":[159],"foundation":[161],"top":[163],"which":[165],"blockchains":[166],"built.":[168]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}