{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3177065893","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3453143","title":"A Survey Describing Beyond Si Transistors and Exploring Their Implications for Future Processors","display_name":"A Survey Describing Beyond Si Transistors and Exploring Their Implications for Future Processors","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3177065893","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3453143","mag":"3177065893"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3453143","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3453143","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3453143","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96198239","display_name":"ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems","issn_l":"1550-4832","issn":["1550-4832","1550-4840"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3453143","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042094343","display_name":"Heewoo Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6748-2890"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Heewoo Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6748-2890","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072790406","display_name":"Aporva Amarnath","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5345-2022"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aporva Amarnath","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033085952","display_name":"Javad Bagherzadeh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Javad Bagherzadeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063661349","display_name":"Nishil Talati","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2457-4119"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nishil Talati","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014250626","display_name":"Ronald Dreslinski","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ronald G. Dreslinski","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042094343"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1184,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7729917,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"3","first_page":"1","last_page":"44"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10558","display_name":"Advancements in Semiconductor Devices and Circuit Design","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10558","display_name":"Advancements in Semiconductor Devices and Circuit Design","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10472","display_name":"Semiconductor materials and devices","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transistor","display_name":"Transistor","score":0.6410131454467773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.6163100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5420852303504944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.4963584542274475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-circuit","display_name":"Electronic circuit","score":0.47124940156936646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emphasis","display_name":"Emphasis (telecommunications)","score":0.4550716280937195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leakage","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","score":0.4460170269012451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.4420723617076874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.3843275308609009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.31050917506217957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.20376616716384888}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172385210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5339","display_name":"Transistor","level":3,"score":0.6410131454467773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.6163100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5420852303504944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4963584542274475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134146338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1815901","display_name":"Electronic circuit","level":2,"score":0.47124940156936646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177454536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q578290","display_name":"Emphasis (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.4550716280937195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777042071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6509304","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","level":2,"score":0.4460170269012451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.4420723617076874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3843275308609009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.31050917506217957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.20376616716384888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3453143","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3453143","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3453143","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96198239","display_name":"ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems","issn_l":"1550-4832","issn":["1550-4832","1550-4840"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3453143","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3453143","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3453143","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96198239","display_name":"ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems","issn_l":"1550-4832","issn":["1550-4832","1550-4840"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8399999737739563}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3177065893.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3177065893.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":126,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W324409780","https://openalex.org/W1578931024","https://openalex.org/W1594551494","https://openalex.org/W1965598304","https://openalex.org/W1967991053","https://openalex.org/W1970062820","https://openalex.org/W1974365912","https://openalex.org/W1975628705","https://openalex.org/W1976277722","https://openalex.org/W1976684984","https://openalex.org/W1983208835","https://openalex.org/W1985158061","https://openalex.org/W1990650955","https://openalex.org/W1990987606","https://openalex.org/W1992322736","https://openalex.org/W1992837891","https://openalex.org/W1998525920","https://openalex.org/W1999458342","https://openalex.org/W2001047056","https://openalex.org/W2005188430","https://openalex.org/W2006312753","https://openalex.org/W2011958759","https://openalex.org/W2013028205","https://openalex.org/W2013042577","https://openalex.org/W2017222782","https://openalex.org/W2020003503","https://openalex.org/W2021994802","https://openalex.org/W2028024576","https://openalex.org/W2035059520","https://openalex.org/W2038305545","https://openalex.org/W2051165013","https://openalex.org/W2051675759","https://openalex.org/W2057454038","https://openalex.org/W2057639028","https://openalex.org/W2061557594","https://openalex.org/W2062627774","https://openalex.org/W2062632887","https://openalex.org/W2064155951","https://openalex.org/W2064841664","https://openalex.org/W2066151171","https://openalex.org/W2067627272","https://openalex.org/W2078260102","https://openalex.org/W2078787346","https://openalex.org/W2095141385","https://openalex.org/W2096910408","https://openalex.org/W2097645740","https://openalex.org/W2100140247","https://openalex.org/W2102449048","https://openalex.org/W2110134128","https://openalex.org/W2110584581","https://openalex.org/W2121290756","https://openalex.org/W2124674816","https://openalex.org/W2127007102","https://openalex.org/W2130517400","https://openalex.org/W2131023370","https://openalex.org/W2132729131","https://openalex.org/W2141981815","https://openalex.org/W2143807959","https://openalex.org/W2147731882","https://openalex.org/W2156694126","https://openalex.org/W2159510485","https://openalex.org/W2160467205","https://openalex.org/W2169346090","https://openalex.org/W2209394967","https://openalex.org/W2220985301","https://openalex.org/W2270155876","https://openalex.org/W2293975237","https://openalex.org/W2296122051","https://openalex.org/W2321019643","https://openalex.org/W2372048540","https://openalex.org/W2396500671","https://openalex.org/W2396622873","https://openalex.org/W2407339173","https://openalex.org/W2418294418","https://openalex.org/W2471719563","https://openalex.org/W2487018225","https://openalex.org/W2508602506","https://openalex.org/W2509740691","https://openalex.org/W2518281301","https://openalex.org/W2526202524","https://openalex.org/W2528423716","https://openalex.org/W2529175623","https://openalex.org/W2540697258","https://openalex.org/W2560834721","https://openalex.org/W2560934309","https://openalex.org/W2593172471","https://openalex.org/W2609217336","https://openalex.org/W2613533325","https://openalex.org/W2613989746","https://openalex.org/W2650507256","https://openalex.org/W2769815858","https://openalex.org/W2772943299","https://openalex.org/W2778935320","https://openalex.org/W2786159202","https://openalex.org/W2787453651","https://openalex.org/W2790310590","https://openalex.org/W2793321020","https://openalex.org/W2799043997","https://openalex.org/W2799046832","https://openalex.org/W2884574523","https://openalex.org/W2884876167","https://openalex.org/W2891852074","https://openalex.org/W2905489074","https://openalex.org/W2907065758","https://openalex.org/W2910934408","https://openalex.org/W2912012512","https://openalex.org/W2951633375","https://openalex.org/W2955772479","https://openalex.org/W2978448132","https://openalex.org/W2988640543","https://openalex.org/W2998915116","https://openalex.org/W2999811406","https://openalex.org/W3006462722","https://openalex.org/W3011088493","https://openalex.org/W3011688936","https://openalex.org/W3042746444","https://openalex.org/W3099470245","https://openalex.org/W3101352084","https://openalex.org/W4234346842","https://openalex.org/W4235699427","https://openalex.org/W4236657128","https://openalex.org/W4246626980","https://openalex.org/W4254640185","https://openalex.org/W4255812374","https://openalex.org/W4301895937","https://openalex.org/W6646855255"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2055105357","https://openalex.org/W2153819599","https://openalex.org/W2255426644","https://openalex.org/W2072124641","https://openalex.org/W2167093538","https://openalex.org/W2018956713","https://openalex.org/W1971573522","https://openalex.org/W2081479354","https://openalex.org/W2389800961","https://openalex.org/W1995389502"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"advancement":[1],"of":[2,38,48,70,87,104,140,186,192],"Silicon":[3],"CMOS":[4],"technology":[5,9,115],"has":[6],"led":[7],"information":[8],"innovation":[10],"for":[11,64,195],"decades.":[12],"However,":[13],"scaling":[14],"transistors":[15,68,105],"down":[16],"according":[17],"to":[18,112,164,175,178],"Moore\u2019s":[19],"law":[20],"is":[21,42,60],"almost":[22],"reaching":[23],"its":[24,71,93],"limitations.":[25],"To":[26],"improve":[27],"system":[28,110,118,160],"performance,":[29],"cost,":[30],"and":[31,50,106,124,161,188],"energy":[32],"efficiency,":[33],"vertical-optimization":[34],"in":[35,46,81,148],"multiple":[36],"layers":[37],"the":[39,88,101,156,166,193],"computing":[40,130],"stack":[41,131],"required.":[43],"Technological":[44],"awareness":[45],"terms":[47],"devices":[49,123],"circuits":[51,83],"could":[52],"enable":[53],"informed":[54],"system-level":[55],"decisions.":[56],"For":[57],"example,":[58],"graphene":[59],"a":[61,85,128,138,184,190],"promising":[62],"material":[63],"extremely":[65],"scaled":[66],"high-speed":[67],"because":[69],"remarkably":[72],"high":[73,89],"mobility,":[74],"but":[75],"it":[76],"can":[77],"not":[78],"be":[79,146,173],"used":[80],"integrated":[82],"as":[84,137],"result":[86],"leakage":[90],"current":[91],"from":[92],"zero":[94],"bandgap.":[95],"In":[96],"this":[97],"article,":[98],"we":[99],"discuss":[100],"fundamental":[102],"physics":[103],"their":[107,125],"ramifications":[108],"on":[109,127,154],"design":[111],"assist":[113],"device-level":[114],"consideration":[116],"during":[117],"design.":[119],"Additionally,":[120],"various":[121],"emerging":[122,141],"utilization":[126],"vertically-optimized":[129],"are":[132],"introduced.":[133],"This":[134],"article":[135],"serves":[136],"survey":[139,185],"device":[142],"technologies":[143],"that":[144],"may":[145],"relevant":[147],"these":[149],"areas,":[150],"with":[151],"an":[152],"emphasis":[153],"making":[155],"descriptions":[157],"approachable":[158],"by":[159,183],"software":[162],"designers":[163],"understand":[165,176],"potential":[167],"solutions.":[168],"A":[169],"basic":[170],"vocabulary":[171],"will":[172],"built":[174],"how":[177],"digest":[179],"technical":[180],"content,":[181],"followed":[182],"devices,":[187],"finally":[189],"discussion":[191],"implications":[194],"future":[196],"processing":[197],"systems.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}