{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3187145766","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3452296.3472928","title":"Seven years in the life of Hypergiants' off-nets","display_name":"Seven years in the life of Hypergiants' off-nets","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3187145766","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3452296.3472928","mag":"3187145766"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3452296.3472928","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3452296.3472928","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3452296.3472928","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2021 ACM SIGCOMM 2021 Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3452296.3472928","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009982478","display_name":"Petros Gigis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2076-6287"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Petros Gigis","raw_affiliation_strings":["University College London"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College London","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053580201","display_name":"Matt Calder","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5019-198X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087053","display_name":"Microsoft (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/001dd4s60","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210087053"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["DE","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matt Calder","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft & Columbia University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft & Columbia University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930","https://openalex.org/I4210087053"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037833973","display_name":"Lefteris Manassakis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7322-2718"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121775","display_name":"FORTH Institute of Computer Science","ror":"https://ror.org/02tf48g55","country_code":"GR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121775","https://openalex.org/I8901234"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lefteris Manassakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["FORTH-ICS"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"FORTH-ICS","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121775"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000780851","display_name":"George G. Nomikos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2846-1426"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67415387","display_name":"Lancaster University","ror":"https://ror.org/04f2nsd36","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"George Nomikos","raw_affiliation_strings":["FORTH-ICS & Lancaster University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"FORTH-ICS & Lancaster University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044487081","display_name":"Vasileios Kotronis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4964-9121"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121775","display_name":"FORTH Institute of Computer Science","ror":"https://ror.org/02tf48g55","country_code":"GR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121775","https://openalex.org/I8901234"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vasileios Kotronis","raw_affiliation_strings":["FORTH-ICS"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"FORTH-ICS","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121775"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080514654","display_name":"Xenofontas Dimitropoulos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2600-7633"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142617266","display_name":"University of Crete","ror":"https://ror.org/00dr28g20","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142617266"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xenofontas Dimitropoulos","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Crete & FORTH-ICS"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Crete & FORTH-ICS","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142617266"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045165255","display_name":"Ethan Katz-Bassett","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1030-6391"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ethan Katz-Bassett","raw_affiliation_strings":["Columbia University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005247877","display_name":"Georgios Smaragdakis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4127-3617"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Georgios Smaragdakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["TU Delft"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TU Delft","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":5,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":61,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"516","last_page":"533"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10742","display_name":"Peer-to-Peer Network Technologies","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10138","display_name":"Network Traffic and Congestion Control","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.8304910659790039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.780797004699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6156377196311951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dozen","display_name":"Dozen","score":0.5239360928535461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.5194110870361328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/content-delivery","display_name":"Content delivery","score":0.4219430088996887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3710004389286041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.364896684885025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.30385708808898926}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.8304910659790039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.780797004699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6156377196311951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185181809","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q605704","display_name":"Dozen","level":2,"score":0.5239360928535461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.5194110870361328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986847828","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269415","display_name":"Content delivery","level":2,"score":0.4219430088996887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3710004389286041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.364896684885025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.30385708808898926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3452296.3472928","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3452296.3472928","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3452296.3472928","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2021 ACM SIGCOMM 2021 Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:10133453","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10133453/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"     In:   (Proceedings) Proceedings of the 2021 ACM SIGCOMM 2021 Conference.   ACM (2021)    (In press).  ","raw_type":"Proceedings paper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:tudelft.nl:uuid:498f0f99-8ea5-4dd3-ad7b-26c5ea4c4728","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:498f0f99-8ea5-4dd3-ad7b-26c5ea4c4728","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400906","display_name":"Research Repository (Delft University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","host_organization_name":"Delft University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"conference paper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3452296.3472928","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3452296.3472928","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3452296.3472928","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2021 ACM SIGCOMM 2021 Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1135084082","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1836872","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5611867009","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Starting Grant ResolutioNet (ERC-StG-679158)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334678","funder_display_name":"European Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G594443800","display_name":"RAPID: Collaborative Research: The Internet under Widespread Shelter-in-Place: Resilience, Response, and Lessons for the Future","funder_award_id":"2028550","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7763722128","display_name":"CAREER: Routing for the Emerging Topologies of Modern Internet Services","funder_award_id":"1836872","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8427205326","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1836872 and CNS-2028550","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334678","display_name":"European Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0472cxd90"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3187145766.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3187145766.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":67,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1510134550","https://openalex.org/W1590238790","https://openalex.org/W1967241827","https://openalex.org/W1976986662","https://openalex.org/W1979264387","https://openalex.org/W1999769581","https://openalex.org/W2001637908","https://openalex.org/W2036545793","https://openalex.org/W2048565188","https://openalex.org/W2049603274","https://openalex.org/W2054479920","https://openalex.org/W2062231859","https://openalex.org/W2075511564","https://openalex.org/W2076506259","https://openalex.org/W2081400671","https://openalex.org/W2082171998","https://openalex.org/W2088844788","https://openalex.org/W2090106845","https://openalex.org/W2110442089","https://openalex.org/W2114398364","https://openalex.org/W2128657798","https://openalex.org/W2131329887","https://openalex.org/W2151657298","https://openalex.org/W2152340385","https://openalex.org/W2162266953","https://openalex.org/W2169395742","https://openalex.org/W2177058407","https://openalex.org/W2203104745","https://openalex.org/W2211762534","https://openalex.org/W2291687397","https://openalex.org/W2296570230","https://openalex.org/W2530522083","https://openalex.org/W2538863639","https://openalex.org/W2550748725","https://openalex.org/W2602142008","https://openalex.org/W2736131444","https://openalex.org/W2743636887","https://openalex.org/W2744660401","https://openalex.org/W2799441662","https://openalex.org/W2819252821","https://openalex.org/W2847302746","https://openalex.org/W2861050098","https://openalex.org/W2892293940","https://openalex.org/W2895447227","https://openalex.org/W2900803338","https://openalex.org/W2902383438","https://openalex.org/W2902611302","https://openalex.org/W2906661982","https://openalex.org/W2912826586","https://openalex.org/W2963196202","https://openalex.org/W2963905788","https://openalex.org/W2980982742","https://openalex.org/W2981117838","https://openalex.org/W2988889042","https://openalex.org/W2993763542","https://openalex.org/W3007548953","https://openalex.org/W3009932891","https://openalex.org/W3013005240","https://openalex.org/W3093603548","https://openalex.org/W3094419698","https://openalex.org/W3101106392","https://openalex.org/W3124543120","https://openalex.org/W3124672268","https://openalex.org/W3174009088","https://openalex.org/W3187145766","https://openalex.org/W3188987582","https://openalex.org/W6687790575"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4232622239","https://openalex.org/W4248098561","https://openalex.org/W4392840857","https://openalex.org/W2809019971","https://openalex.org/W2145289172","https://openalex.org/W2089830040","https://openalex.org/W4230509584","https://openalex.org/W2793725298","https://openalex.org/W1967387355","https://openalex.org/W2943958348"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Content":[0],"Hypergiants":[1,30],"deliver":[2],"the":[3,42,47,50],"vast":[4],"majority":[5],"of":[6,33,49,76],"Internet":[7],"traffic":[8],"to":[9,54],"end":[10],"users.":[11],"In":[12],"recent":[13],"years,":[14],"some":[15],"have":[16,57],"invested":[17],"heavily":[18],"in":[19],"deploying":[20],"services":[21],"and":[22,31],"servers":[23,34],"inside":[24,36],"end-user":[25],"networks.":[26],"With":[27],"several":[28],"dozen":[29],"thousands":[32],"deployed":[35],"networks,":[37],"these":[38],"off-net":[39],"(meaning":[40],"outside":[41],"Hypergiant":[43],"networks)":[44],"deployments":[45],"change":[46],"structure":[48],"Internet.":[51,81],"Previous":[52],"efforts":[53],"study":[55],"them":[56],"relied":[58],"on":[59,79],"proprietary":[60],"data":[61],"or":[62],"specialized":[63],"per-Hypergiant":[64],"measurement":[65],"techniques":[66],"that":[67],"neither":[68],"scale":[69],"nor":[70],"generalize,":[71],"providing":[72],"a":[73],"limited":[74],"view":[75],"content":[77],"delivery":[78],"today's":[80]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}