{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3188987582","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3452296.3472922","title":"The ties that un-bind","display_name":"The ties that un-bind","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3188987582","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3452296.3472922","mag":"3188987582"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3452296.3472922","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3452296.3472922","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3452296.3472922","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2021 ACM SIGCOMM 2021 Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3452296.3472922","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023321384","display_name":"Marwan Fayed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0970-7972"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marwan Fayed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cloudflare Inc., and Univ of St Andrews"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cloudflare Inc., and Univ of St Andrews","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083363200","display_name":"Lorenz Bauer","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lorenz Bauer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cloudflare Inc"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cloudflare Inc","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026251377","display_name":"Vasileios Giotsas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5277-6498"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vasileios Giotsas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cloudflare Inc"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cloudflare Inc","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040098661","display_name":"Sami Kerola","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sami Kerola","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cloudflare Inc"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cloudflare Inc","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013832549","display_name":"Marek Majkowski","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marek Majkowski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cloudflare Inc"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cloudflare Inc","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060275932","display_name":"Pavel Odintsov","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pavel Odintsov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cloudflare Inc"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cloudflare Inc","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040434191","display_name":"Jakub Sitnicki","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jakub Sitnicki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cloudflare Inc"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cloudflare Inc","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101705523","display_name":"Taejoong Chung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1270-0373"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taejoong Chung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Tech"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Tech","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088579822","display_name":"Dave Levin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4957-5131"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dave Levin","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083710366","display_name":"Alan Mislove","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4824-9302"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87182695","display_name":"Universidad del Noreste","ror":"https://ror.org/02ahky613","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87182695"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alan Mislove","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northeastern University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northeastern University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87182695"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059586610","display_name":"Christopher A. Wood","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3297-4216"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher A. Wood","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cloudflare Inc"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cloudflare Inc","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103253694","display_name":"Nick Sullivan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0550-9228"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nick Sullivan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cloudflare Inc"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cloudflare Inc","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.0689,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9533849,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"433","last_page":"446"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10742","display_name":"Peer-to-Peer Network Technologies","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inefficiency","display_name":"Inefficiency","score":0.7441160678863525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ipv4","display_name":"IPv4","score":0.7207874059677124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ipv6","display_name":"IPv6","score":0.6700382232666016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/provisioning","display_name":"Provisioning","score":0.6413289308547974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6378167867660522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.44782012701034546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3826412558555603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.29254063963890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.2524873614311218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.06137955188751221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microeconomics","display_name":"Microeconomics","score":0.06137329339981079}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778869765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6028363","display_name":"Inefficiency","level":2,"score":0.7441160678863525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779233093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11103","display_name":"IPv4","level":4,"score":0.7207874059677124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84555802","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2551624","display_name":"IPv6","level":3,"score":0.6700382232666016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172191483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071806","display_name":"Provisioning","level":2,"score":0.6413289308547974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6378167867660522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.44782012701034546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3826412558555603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.29254063963890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.2524873614311218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.06137955188751221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.06137329339981079}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3452296.3472922","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3452296.3472922","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3452296.3472922","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2021 ACM SIGCOMM 2021 Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3452296.3472922","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3452296.3472922","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3452296.3472922","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2021 ACM SIGCOMM 2021 Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4445107232","display_name":"CRII: SaTC: Measuring and Improving the Management of Resource Public Key Infrastructure (RPKI)","funder_award_id":"2051166","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4448065851","display_name":"CNS Core: Large: Collaborative Research: Towards an Evolvable Public Key Infrastructure","funder_award_id":"1901325","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6330317126","display_name":"CNS Core: Large: Collaborative Research: Towards an Evolvable Public Key Infrastructure","funder_award_id":"2053363","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8813098752","display_name":"CNS Core: Large: Collaborative Research: Towards an Evolvable Public Key Infrastructure","funder_award_id":"1900879","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3188987582.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3188987582.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":62,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W121484200","https://openalex.org/W144112633","https://openalex.org/W1526641549","https://openalex.org/W1575701137","https://openalex.org/W1668625574","https://openalex.org/W1701372208","https://openalex.org/W1740457681","https://openalex.org/W1755020405","https://openalex.org/W1951635455","https://openalex.org/W1978174042","https://openalex.org/W1980398592","https://openalex.org/W2006905279","https://openalex.org/W2009953698","https://openalex.org/W2014952121","https://openalex.org/W2018501701","https://openalex.org/W2087289341","https://openalex.org/W2103428301","https://openalex.org/W2111349385","https://openalex.org/W2117235019","https://openalex.org/W2119811250","https://openalex.org/W2120626294","https://openalex.org/W2133961349","https://openalex.org/W2147499094","https://openalex.org/W2154345358","https://openalex.org/W2155527034","https://openalex.org/W2155903900","https://openalex.org/W2168903090","https://openalex.org/W2187970900","https://openalex.org/W2296559352","https://openalex.org/W2545990795","https://openalex.org/W2563022369","https://openalex.org/W2604258491","https://openalex.org/W2634547503","https://openalex.org/W2744693751","https://openalex.org/W2789046721","https://openalex.org/W2901677395","https://openalex.org/W2923255942","https://openalex.org/W2945010494","https://openalex.org/W2967527764","https://openalex.org/W2980904829","https://openalex.org/W3000140614","https://openalex.org/W3032408677","https://openalex.org/W3044183949","https://openalex.org/W3046467528","https://openalex.org/W3046897572","https://openalex.org/W3097458371","https://openalex.org/W3103282588","https://openalex.org/W4205128732","https://openalex.org/W4233966728","https://openalex.org/W4241257690","https://openalex.org/W4249803043","https://openalex.org/W4289259217","https://openalex.org/W6604894765","https://openalex.org/W6605746587","https://openalex.org/W6631614318","https://openalex.org/W6634515674","https://openalex.org/W6640801838","https://openalex.org/W6682679498","https://openalex.org/W6683004694","https://openalex.org/W6756004940","https://openalex.org/W6760417723","https://openalex.org/W6775565286"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2349428606","https://openalex.org/W2360869876","https://openalex.org/W3004929566","https://openalex.org/W1849784828","https://openalex.org/W2374277641","https://openalex.org/W2391251019","https://openalex.org/W2791057254","https://openalex.org/W2347589432","https://openalex.org/W2129227231","https://openalex.org/W2391250720"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"couplings":[1],"between":[2],"IP":[3],"addresses,":[4,36],"names":[5],"of":[6,35],"content":[7,27],"or":[8],"services,":[9],"and":[10,21,43],"socket":[11],"interfaces,":[12],"are":[13,29],"too":[14],"tight.":[15],"This":[16],"impedes":[17],"system":[18],"manageability,":[19],"growth,":[20],"overall":[22],"provisioning.":[23],"In":[24],"turn,":[25],"large-scale":[26],"providers":[28],"forced":[30],"to":[31,39],"use":[32],"staggering":[33],"numbers":[34],"ultimately":[37],"leading":[38],"address":[40],"exhaustion":[41],"(IPv4)":[42],"inefficiency":[44],"(IPv6).":[45]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-08-11T07:18:39.950985","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}