{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3182585733","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3451471.3451498","title":"All-in-One Hate Speech Detectors May not be what You Want","display_name":"All-in-One Hate Speech Detectors May not be what You Want","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3182585733","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3451471.3451498","mag":"3182585733"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3451471.3451498","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3451471.3451498","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 The 4th International Conference on Software Engineering and Information Management","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068994330","display_name":"Mondher Bouazizi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7055-9318"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203951103","display_name":"Keio University","ror":"https://ror.org/02kn6nx58","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203951103"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mondher Bouazizi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Keio University, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Keio University, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203951103"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057987413","display_name":"Natsuho Niida","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203951103","display_name":"Keio University","ror":"https://ror.org/02kn6nx58","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203951103"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Natsuho Niida","raw_affiliation_strings":["Keio University, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Keio University, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203951103"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016337773","display_name":"Tomoaki Ohtsuki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3961-1426"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203951103","display_name":"Keio University","ror":"https://ror.org/02kn6nx58","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203951103"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tomoaki Ohtsuki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Keio University, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Keio University, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203951103"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068994330"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203951103"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2719,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.62352839,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"165","last_page":"170"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9505000114440918,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.8643593788146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8209372758865356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6143630146980286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training-set","display_name":"Training set","score":0.5593194365501404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5558887124061584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/offensive","display_name":"Offensive","score":0.5003302097320557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labeled-data","display_name":"Labeled data","score":0.4892999827861786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obstacle","display_name":"Obstacle","score":0.4331914782524109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3645668029785156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.3589740991592407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research","display_name":"Operations research","score":0.07867583632469177}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.8643593788146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8209372758865356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6143630146980286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.5593194365501404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5558887124061584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176856949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001676","display_name":"Offensive","level":2,"score":0.5003302097320557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776145971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30673951","display_name":"Labeled data","level":2,"score":0.4892999827861786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776650193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q264661","display_name":"Obstacle","level":2,"score":0.4331914782524109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3645668029785156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3589740991592407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.07867583632469177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3451471.3451498","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3451471.3451498","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 The 4th International Conference on Software Engineering and Information Management","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.699999988079071}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W219177699","https://openalex.org/W2473555522","https://openalex.org/W2792441346","https://openalex.org/W2806872289","https://openalex.org/W2951737564","https://openalex.org/W2954479967","https://openalex.org/W2963026768","https://openalex.org/W4304686742"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2981877337","https://openalex.org/W4292388283","https://openalex.org/W3204418343","https://openalex.org/W3203938600","https://openalex.org/W4286910063","https://openalex.org/W2163707935","https://openalex.org/W3132602785","https://openalex.org/W83146503","https://openalex.org/W2169074127","https://openalex.org/W1560624709"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,12,88,210,229],"detection":[1],"of":[2,48,61,69,84,99,115,170,212,214,253],"Hate":[3],"speech":[4,71],"has":[5],"been":[6],"an":[7],"increasingly":[8],"active":[9],"research":[10],"topic.":[11],"results":[13],"reported":[14],"by":[15],"the":[16,59,67,97,151,155,175,194,198,204,226,249,254],"state-of-the-art":[17],"systems":[18],"to":[19,50,76,106,118,149,165,180,236,245],"automatically":[20],"detect":[21],"hateful":[22],"contents":[23],"achieved":[24],"almost":[25],"perfect":[26],"performance":[27],"on":[28,131,197],"common":[29],"data":[30,117,134,184,189,200,217,256],"sets.":[31],"However,":[32],"\u201chate":[33],"speech\u201d":[34],"is":[35,96,234],"a":[36,63,85,94,124,129,132,167,239],"very":[37,112,250],"subjective":[38],"term,":[39],"and":[40,110,145,202,222,242],"people":[41],"with":[42,162,238],"different":[43,46,81,163],"backgrounds":[44,164],"have":[45],"levels":[47],"tolerance":[49],"what":[51],"constitutes":[52],"hate.":[53],"In":[54,123,154],"this":[55,108,181],"paper,":[56],"we":[57,102,127,147,158],"show":[58],"limitations":[60],"having":[62],"single":[64,86],"classifier":[65,130,196,206],"handling":[66],"problem":[68],"hate":[70],"detection.":[72],"We":[73,178,191],"then":[74,192],"propose":[75],"build":[77,119,128,203],"classifiers":[78],"customized":[79,121,188,199,205,216],"for":[80,207,257],"people,":[82],"instead":[83],"classifier.":[87,153,228],"main":[89],"obstacle":[90],"towards":[91],"achieving":[92],"such":[93],"goal":[95],"scarcity":[98],"data.":[100],"Therefore,":[101],"use":[103,111],"transfer":[104],"learning":[105],"overcome":[107],"issue":[109],"limited":[113,251],"amount":[114,252],"annotated":[116],"these":[120],"classifiers.":[122],"first":[125],"stage,":[126,157],"large":[133],"set":[135,185,201,218],"which":[136,146],"classifies":[137],"tweets":[138,171],"into":[139],"3":[140,160],"classes:":[141],"hate,":[142],"offensive,":[143],"clean,":[144],"refer":[148,179],"as":[150,186],"general":[152,195,227,240],"second":[156],"asked":[159],"annotators":[161],"re-annotate":[166],"small":[168],"sub-set":[169],"(600":[172],"tweets)":[173],"from":[174],"original":[176],"one.":[177],"newly":[182],"created":[183],"\u201cthe":[187],"set.\u201d":[190],"fine-tune":[193],"each":[208,246],"annotator.":[209],"accuracy":[211],"classification":[213],"corresponding":[215],"got":[219],"0.08,":[220],"0.06":[221],"0.11":[223],"higher":[224],"than":[225],"result":[230],"shows":[231],"that":[232],"it":[233,244],"possible":[235],"start":[237],"classifier,":[241],"adjusted":[243],"individual":[247],"despite":[248],"training":[255],"him/her.":[258]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}