{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3129642865","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3450439.3451876","title":"CheXternal","display_name":"CheXternal","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3129642865","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3450439.3451876","mag":"3129642865"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3450439.3451876","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3450439.3451876","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3450439.3451876","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Conference on Health, Inference, and Learning","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3450439.3451876","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001094226","display_name":"Pranav Rajpurkar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8030-3727"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Pranav Rajpurkar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103875553","display_name":"Anirudh Joshi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anirudh Joshi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060928641","display_name":"Anuj Pareek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1526-3685"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anuj Pareek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112456378","display_name":"Andrew Y. Ng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5547-3196"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Y. Ng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038969629","display_name":"Matthew P. Lungren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8591-5861"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew P. Lungren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001094226"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2533,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78618011,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"125","last_page":"132"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.7287303805351257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6138640642166138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training-set","display_name":"Training set","score":0.5743325352668762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5431115627288818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-set","display_name":"Test set","score":0.5032204985618591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4996201992034912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-physics","display_name":"Medical physics","score":0.47104597091674805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-set","display_name":"Data set","score":0.44920670986175537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"Radiology","score":0.4393254220485687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.43397724628448486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.41283297538757324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.283150315284729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12409290671348572}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.7287303805351257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6138640642166138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.5743325352668762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5431115627288818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169903167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Test set","level":2,"score":0.5032204985618591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4996201992034912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19527891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908","display_name":"Medical physics","level":1,"score":0.47104597091674805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58489278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172284","display_name":"Data set","level":2,"score":0.44920670986175537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.4393254220485687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.43397724628448486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.41283297538757324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.283150315284729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12409290671348572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3450439.3451876","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3450439.3451876","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3450439.3451876","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Conference on Health, Inference, and Learning","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2102.08660","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2102.08660","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2102.08660","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3450439.3451876","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3450439.3451876","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3450439.3451876","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Conference on Health, Inference, and Learning","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3129642865.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3129642865.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1983799800","https://openalex.org/W2054808875","https://openalex.org/W2139134007","https://openalex.org/W2321634862","https://openalex.org/W2460937040","https://openalex.org/W2608231518","https://openalex.org/W2611650229","https://openalex.org/W2612573399","https://openalex.org/W2799032899","https://openalex.org/W2811374795","https://openalex.org/W2888397986","https://openalex.org/W2894319790","https://openalex.org/W2895598278","https://openalex.org/W2901954625","https://openalex.org/W2905631704","https://openalex.org/W2908201961","https://openalex.org/W2914203365","https://openalex.org/W2914550345","https://openalex.org/W2920830602","https://openalex.org/W2921504248","https://openalex.org/W2947607756","https://openalex.org/W2952610664","https://openalex.org/W2962972504","https://openalex.org/W2963466845","https://openalex.org/W2963542245","https://openalex.org/W2977613223","https://openalex.org/W2980965120","https://openalex.org/W2982580298","https://openalex.org/W2991997789","https://openalex.org/W2995225687","https://openalex.org/W2999309192","https://openalex.org/W3007275093","https://openalex.org/W3007464329","https://openalex.org/W3018185338","https://openalex.org/W3041857555","https://openalex.org/W3092787476","https://openalex.org/W3101156210","https://openalex.org/W3111492032","https://openalex.org/W3158172397","https://openalex.org/W3158892109","https://openalex.org/W4287864117","https://openalex.org/W4288404646","https://openalex.org/W4308831279"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1999699871","https://openalex.org/W4225124612","https://openalex.org/W2043806667","https://openalex.org/W2786391746","https://openalex.org/W2021633306","https://openalex.org/W2006801911","https://openalex.org/W2033669961","https://openalex.org/W2971899271","https://openalex.org/W1972167985","https://openalex.org/W1990237101"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"advances":[1],"in":[2,31,108,183],"training":[3,175],"deep":[4],"learning":[5],"models":[6,53,71,102,130,139,165],"have":[7],"demonstrated":[8],"the":[9,45,80,124,129,184],"potential":[10],"to":[11,20,27,38,56,79,85,161],"provide":[12],"accurate":[13],"chest":[14,51,61,98,151],"X-ray":[15,52,152],"interpretation":[16],"and":[17,63,77,83,121,137,177],"increase":[18],"access":[19],"radiology":[21],"expertise.":[22],"However,":[23],"poor":[24],"generalization":[25,182],"due":[26],"data":[28,187],"distribution":[29,157,188],"shifts":[30],"clinical":[32],"settings":[33],"is":[34],"a":[35,104],"key":[36],"barrier":[37],"implementation.":[39],"In":[40],"this":[41],"study,":[42],"we":[43],"measured":[44],"diagnostic":[46],"performance":[47],"for":[48],"8":[49,101],"different":[50,75],"when":[54],"applied":[55],"(1)":[57,94],"smartphone":[58],"photos":[59,96],"of":[60,97,128,173,186],"X-rays":[62],"(2)":[64,122],"external":[65,125],"datasets":[66,87],"without":[67,88],"any":[68],"finetuning.":[69],"All":[70],"were":[72,159,166],"developed":[73],"by":[74],"groups":[76],"submitted":[78],"CheXpert":[81],"challenge,":[82],"re-applied":[84],"test":[86],"further":[89],"tuning.":[90],"We":[91],"found":[92],"that":[93,149,180],"on":[95,119,123],"X-rays,":[99],"all":[100],"experienced":[103],"statistically":[105,132,141],"significant":[106],"drop":[107],"task":[109],"performance,":[110],"but":[111],"only":[112],"3":[113],"performed":[114,131,140],"significantly":[115,133,142],"worse":[116,134],"than":[117,135,144],"radiologists":[118,162],"average,":[120],"set,":[126],"none":[127],"radiologists,":[136],"five":[138],"better":[143],"radiologists.":[145],"Our":[146],"results":[147],"demonstrate":[148],"some":[150],"models,":[153],"under":[154],"clinically":[155],"relevant":[156],"shifts,":[158],"comparable":[160],"while":[163],"other":[164],"not.":[167],"Future":[168],"work":[169],"should":[170],"investigate":[171],"aspects":[172],"model":[174],"procedures":[176],"dataset":[178],"collection":[179],"influence":[181],"presence":[185],"shifts.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-11T08:14:18.477133","created_date":"2021-03-01T00:00:00"}
