{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3126861994","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3450439.3451875","title":"Enabling counterfactual survival analysis with balanced representations","display_name":"Enabling counterfactual survival analysis with balanced representations","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3126861994","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3450439.3451875","mag":"3126861994","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40948566"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3450439.3451875","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3450439.3451875","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3450439.3451875","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Conference on Health, Inference, and Learning","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3450439.3451875","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075327213","display_name":"Paidamoyo Chapfuwa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0518-565X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paidamoyo Chapfuwa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Duke University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Duke University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102895203","display_name":"Serge Assaad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9310-0972"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Serge Assaad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Duke University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Duke University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003257569","display_name":"Shuxi Zeng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4138-4560"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuxi Zeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Duke University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Duke University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064002558","display_name":"Michael Pencina","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1968-2641"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael J. Pencina","raw_affiliation_strings":["Duke University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Duke University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016448581","display_name":"Lawrence Carin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6277-7948"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lawrence Carin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Duke University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Duke University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056639842","display_name":"Ricardo Henao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4980-845X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ricardo Henao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Duke University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Duke University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.5076,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93684566,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2021","issue":null,"first_page":"133","last_page":"145"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10136","display_name":"Statistical Methods and Inference","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10136","display_name":"Statistical Methods and Inference","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11235","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials","score":0.9894999861717224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10804","display_name":"Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life","score":0.9886000156402588,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/counterfactual-thinking","display_name":"Counterfactual thinking","score":0.8775331974029541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6440489292144775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.6065444350242615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/observational-study","display_name":"Observational study","score":0.5928303003311157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.5184478163719177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outcome","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","score":0.5042108297348022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/survival-analysis","display_name":"Survival analysis","score":0.46320855617523193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-inference","display_name":"Causal inference","score":0.46164220571517944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.427026629447937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/econometrics","display_name":"Econometrics","score":0.42126813530921936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4194440543651581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3546513319015503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.3276546597480774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.2849341928958893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.16921770572662354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.11180749535560608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11080434918403625}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108650721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783253","display_name":"Counterfactual thinking","level":2,"score":0.8775331974029541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6440489292144775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.6065444350242615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23131810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q818574","display_name":"Observational study","level":2,"score":0.5928303003311157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.5184478163719177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148220186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7111912","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","level":2,"score":0.5042108297348022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10515644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q543310","display_name":"Survival analysis","level":2,"score":0.46320855617523193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158600405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054566","display_name":"Causal inference","level":2,"score":0.46164220571517944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.427026629447937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.42126813530921936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4194440543651581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3546513319015503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.3276546597480774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.2849341928958893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.16921770572662354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.11180749535560608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11080434918403625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3450439.3451875","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3450439.3451875","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3450439.3451875","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Conference on Health, Inference, and Learning","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:40948566","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40948566","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM CHIL 2021 : proceedings of the 2021 ACM Conference on Health, Inference, and Learning : April 8-9, 2021, Virtual Event. ACM Conference on Health, Inference, and Learning (2021 : Online)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2006.07756","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2006.07756","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2006.07756","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12423760","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12423760/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ACM CHIL 2021 (2021)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3450439.3451875","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3450439.3451875","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3450439.3451875","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Conference on Health, Inference, and Learning","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337359","display_name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","ror":"https://ror.org/01s5ya894"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337363","display_name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering","ror":"https://ror.org/00372qc85"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3126861994.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3126861994.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":85,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W84018622","https://openalex.org/W221376126","https://openalex.org/W385466589","https://openalex.org/W1516659296","https://openalex.org/W1525651898","https://openalex.org/W1572302037","https://openalex.org/W1580788756","https://openalex.org/W1979300931","https://openalex.org/W1981287833","https://openalex.org/W1984364985","https://openalex.org/W2000239378","https://openalex.org/W2000992741","https://openalex.org/W2001947543","https://openalex.org/W2004753352","https://openalex.org/W2008557562","https://openalex.org/W2029758357","https://openalex.org/W2032568924","https://openalex.org/W2051866975","https://openalex.org/W2052825782","https://openalex.org/W2058924226","https://openalex.org/W2062947384","https://openalex.org/W2064903582","https://openalex.org/W2067235700","https://openalex.org/W2074703669","https://openalex.org/W2082299845","https://openalex.org/W2099620796","https://openalex.org/W2111947080","https://openalex.org/W2113470436","https://openalex.org/W2114831632","https://openalex.org/W2116312562","https://openalex.org/W2118184073","https://openalex.org/W2129905273","https://openalex.org/W2136916987","https://openalex.org/W2144168223","https://openalex.org/W2146587771","https://openalex.org/W2149528412","https://openalex.org/W2149848064","https://openalex.org/W2150291618","https://openalex.org/W2157814042","https://openalex.org/W2158131535","https://openalex.org/W2208550830","https://openalex.org/W2260007524","https://openalex.org/W2275034928","https://openalex.org/W2294550615","https://openalex.org/W2313998826","https://openalex.org/W2328111639","https://openalex.org/W2397969444","https://openalex.org/W2496251701","https://openalex.org/W2516119662","https://openalex.org/W2753919178","https://openalex.org/W2758551101","https://openalex.org/W2789172526","https://openalex.org/W2798234853","https://openalex.org/W2809313038","https://openalex.org/W2911328536","https://openalex.org/W2914812517","https://openalex.org/W2921311865","https://openalex.org/W2924820166","https://openalex.org/W2945236379","https://openalex.org/W2962695761","https://openalex.org/W2963090522","https://openalex.org/W2963264509","https://openalex.org/W2963678809","https://openalex.org/W2963929420","https://openalex.org/W2964872595","https://openalex.org/W3001361773","https://openalex.org/W3012321711","https://openalex.org/W3037691952","https://openalex.org/W3094334906","https://openalex.org/W3099006712","https://openalex.org/W3099478002","https://openalex.org/W3099724350","https://openalex.org/W3103142199","https://openalex.org/W3123284220","https://openalex.org/W3143444733","https://openalex.org/W3147894994","https://openalex.org/W3207530515","https://openalex.org/W4233471163","https://openalex.org/W4248721357","https://openalex.org/W4287829612","https://openalex.org/W4293241248","https://openalex.org/W4294236164","https://openalex.org/W4322397527","https://openalex.org/W4328140344","https://openalex.org/W4406726236"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3201448254","https://openalex.org/W4286970243","https://openalex.org/W2066431708","https://openalex.org/W4384133558","https://openalex.org/W3025615835","https://openalex.org/W173210993","https://openalex.org/W3163462160","https://openalex.org/W4210625552","https://openalex.org/W4372260129","https://openalex.org/W2744070736"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Balanced":[0],"representation":[1],"learning":[2],"methods":[3],"have":[4],"been":[5],"applied":[6],"successfully":[7],"to":[8,70,79,93],"counterfactual":[9,90],"inference":[10,91],"from":[11],"observational":[12],"data.":[13],"However,":[14],"approaches":[15],"that":[16,125],"account":[17],"for":[18,52,65,89,104],"survival":[19,94],"outcomes":[20,76],"are":[21,26,44],"relatively":[22],"limited.":[23],"Survival":[24],"data":[25,43],"frequently":[27],"encountered":[28],"across":[29],"diverse":[30],"medical":[31],"applications,":[32],"i.e.,":[33],"drug":[34],"development,":[35],"risk":[36],"profiling,":[37],"and":[38,41,107,115,137],"clinical":[39],"trials,":[40],"such":[42],"also":[45],"relevant":[46],"in":[47,133],"fields":[48],"like":[49],"manufacturing":[50],"(e.g.,":[51],"equipment":[53],"monitoring).":[54],"When":[55],"the":[56,118,126],"outcome":[57],"of":[58,120],"interest":[59],"is":[60],"a":[61,84,99],"time-to-event,":[62],"special":[63],"precautions":[64],"handling":[66],"censored":[67,75],"events":[68],"need":[69],"be":[71],"taken,":[72],"as":[73],"ignoring":[74],"may":[77],"lead":[78],"biased":[80],"estimates.":[81],"We":[82],"propose":[83],"theoretically":[85],"grounded":[86],"unified":[87],"framework":[88],"applicable":[92],"outcomes.":[95],"Further,":[96],"we":[97,122],"formulate":[98],"nonparametric":[100],"hazard":[101],"ratio":[102],"metric":[103],"evaluating":[105],"average":[106],"individualized":[108],"treatment":[109],"effects.":[110],"Experimental":[111],"results":[112],"on":[113],"real-world":[114],"semi-synthetic":[116],"datasets,":[117],"latter":[119],"which":[121],"introduce,":[123],"demonstrate":[124],"proposed":[127],"approach":[128],"significantly":[129],"outperforms":[130],"competitive":[131],"alternatives":[132],"both":[134],"survival-outcome":[135],"prediction":[136],"treatment-effect":[138],"estimation.":[139]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2021-03-29T00:00:00"}