{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3200968954","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3450337.3483492","title":"Not Very Effective: Validity Issues of the Effectance in Games Scale","display_name":"Not Very Effective: Validity Issues of the Effectance in Games Scale","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3200968954","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3450337.3483492","mag":"3200968954"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3450337.3483492","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3450337.3483492","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Extended Abstracts of the 2021 Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/178185/1/chiplay21b_sub1031_cam_i15_1_.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019265082","display_name":"Nick Ballou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4126-0696"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","display_name":"Queen Mary University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/026zzn846","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nick Ballou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064578290","display_name":"Heiko Breitsohl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7494-1565"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166741","display_name":"University of Klagenfurt","ror":"https://ror.org/05q9m0937","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166741"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heiko Breitsohl","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Klagenfurt, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Klagenfurt, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166741"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021762095","display_name":"Dominic Kao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7732-6258"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dominic Kao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Purdue University, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purdue University, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066273713","display_name":"Kathrin Gerling","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8449-6124"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kathrin Gerling","raw_affiliation_strings":["KU Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KU Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023665704","display_name":"Sebastian Deterding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0033-2104"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52099693","display_name":"University of York","ror":"https://ror.org/04m01e293","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sebastian Deterding","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of York, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of York, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8154,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74636036,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"55","last_page":"60"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10731","display_name":"Educational Games and Gamification","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10731","display_name":"Educational Games and Gamification","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11400","display_name":"Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11542","display_name":"Behavioral Health and Interventions","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminant-validity","display_name":"Discriminant validity","score":0.8442271947860718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.6124454736709595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confirmatory-factor-analysis","display_name":"Confirmatory factor analysis","score":0.6079962253570557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.5562180876731873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/content-validity","display_name":"Content validity","score":0.5036923289299011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploratory-factor-analysis","display_name":"Exploratory factor analysis","score":0.4959462583065033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/external-validity","display_name":"External validity","score":0.48830366134643555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competence","display_name":"Competence (human resources)","score":0.46582433581352234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4100596010684967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.3339977562427521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychometrics","display_name":"Psychometrics","score":0.27998995780944824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.18575730919837952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-consistency","display_name":"Internal consistency","score":0.1448933184146881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developmental-psychology","display_name":"Developmental psychology","score":0.13245069980621338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-equation-modeling","display_name":"Structural equation modeling","score":0.07092204689979553}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120107772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168554","display_name":"Discriminant validity","level":4,"score":0.8442271947860718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.6124454736709595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40722632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5160137","display_name":"Confirmatory factor analysis","level":3,"score":0.6079962253570557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5562180876731873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58916136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1663508","display_name":"Content validity","level":3,"score":0.5036923289299011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165957694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421350","display_name":"Exploratory factor analysis","level":3,"score":0.4959462583065033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174106493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1057880","display_name":"External validity","level":2,"score":0.48830366134643555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100521375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2015382","display_name":"Competence (human resources)","level":2,"score":0.46582433581352234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4100596010684967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.3339977562427521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171606756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506132","display_name":"Psychometrics","level":2,"score":0.27998995780944824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.18575730919837952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018868096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2693233","display_name":"Internal consistency","level":3,"score":0.1448933184146881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.13245069980621338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71104824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476639","display_name":"Structural equation modeling","level":2,"score":0.07092204689979553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3450337.3483492","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3450337.3483492","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Extended Abstracts of the 2021 Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:178185","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/178185/1/chiplay21b_sub1031_cam_i15_1_.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400854","display_name":"White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800616092","host_organization_name":"White Rose University Consortium","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800616092"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"NonPeerReviewed"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:178185","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/178185/1/chiplay21b_sub1031_cam_i15_1_.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400854","display_name":"White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800616092","host_organization_name":"White Rose University Consortium","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800616092"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"NonPeerReviewed"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.7300000190734863,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4118453060","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/M023265/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334609","funder_display_name":"Arts and Humanities Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4943709902","display_name":"The Digital Creativity Hub","funder_award_id":"EP/M023265/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7479391602","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/M023265/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G752382495","display_name":"EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in Intelligent Games and Game Intelligence (IGGI)","funder_award_id":"EP/S022325/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334609","display_name":"Arts and Humanities Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0505m1554"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3200968954.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3200968954.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1484864026","https://openalex.org/W1523558926","https://openalex.org/W1527575149","https://openalex.org/W1559459947","https://openalex.org/W1585013689","https://openalex.org/W1988041978","https://openalex.org/W2006451753","https://openalex.org/W2007772362","https://openalex.org/W2016981279","https://openalex.org/W2023062420","https://openalex.org/W2029852536","https://openalex.org/W2034527451","https://openalex.org/W2038347628","https://openalex.org/W2071666535","https://openalex.org/W2091094156","https://openalex.org/W2102191044","https://openalex.org/W2108631245","https://openalex.org/W2144846415","https://openalex.org/W2146811936","https://openalex.org/W2150454725","https://openalex.org/W2167174346","https://openalex.org/W2216753960","https://openalex.org/W2321597080","https://openalex.org/W2496777941","https://openalex.org/W2530724511","https://openalex.org/W2749157054","https://openalex.org/W2778332481","https://openalex.org/W2795739371","https://openalex.org/W2801702920","https://openalex.org/W2803336399","https://openalex.org/W2883977178","https://openalex.org/W2889782755","https://openalex.org/W2902999784","https://openalex.org/W2972166993","https://openalex.org/W2980615522","https://openalex.org/W2986936458","https://openalex.org/W2996368260","https://openalex.org/W3031421239","https://openalex.org/W3108789059","https://openalex.org/W3201159028","https://openalex.org/W4236315391","https://openalex.org/W6819083493"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2378850112","https://openalex.org/W2338268907","https://openalex.org/W2895933940","https://openalex.org/W2339464010","https://openalex.org/W2605507572","https://openalex.org/W3164132319","https://openalex.org/W2986086651","https://openalex.org/W2986225659","https://openalex.org/W4366210107","https://openalex.org/W4221072509"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Effectance\u2014the":[0],"basic":[1],"positive":[2],"experience":[3],"of":[4],"causing":[5],"effects\u2014provides":[6],"a":[7,31,66,79,99],"promising":[8],"explanation":[9],"for":[10,127],"the":[11,117],"enjoyment":[12,89],"derived":[13],"from":[14],"novel":[15],"low-challenge":[16],"game":[17,25],"genres":[18],"featuring":[19],"ample":[20],"\u2018juicy\u2019":[21],"feedback.":[22],"To":[23,41],"date,":[24],"researchers":[26],"have":[27],"studied":[28],"effectance":[29,61],"using":[30,116],"little-validated":[32],"11-item":[33],"scale":[34,118,129],"developed":[35],"by":[36],"Klimmt,":[37],"Hartmann,":[38],"and":[39,45,62,71,83,90,98,123,131],"Frey.":[40],"test":[42],"its":[43,120],"dimensionality":[44],"discriminant":[46,85],"validity,":[47,113],"we":[48],"conducted":[49],"an":[50],"online":[51],"survey":[52],"(n":[53],"=":[54],"467)":[55],"asking":[56],"people":[57],"to":[58,95],"report":[59],"on":[60],"related":[63],"experiences":[64],"in":[65,119],"recent":[67],"play":[68],"session.":[69],"Confirmatory":[70],"exploratory":[72],"factor":[73,81],"analyses":[74],"show":[75],"poor":[76,84],"fit":[77],"with":[78,87,125],"unidimensional":[80],"structure":[82],"validity":[86,108],"common":[88],"mastery/competence":[91],"measures,":[92],"likely":[93],"due":[94],"reverse-coded":[96],"items":[97],"separable":[100],"input":[101],"lag":[102],"factor.":[103],"We":[104],"discuss":[105],"further":[106],"possible":[107],"issues":[109],"like":[110],"questionable":[111],"content":[112],"advise":[114],"against":[115],"present":[121],"form,":[122],"close":[124],"recommendations":[126],"future":[128],"development":[130],"use.":[132]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
