{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3201003484","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3450329.3476855","title":"Revisiting Syntax Exercises in CS1","display_name":"Revisiting Syntax Exercises in CS1","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3201003484","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3450329.3476855","mag":"3201003484"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3450329.3476855","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3450329.3476855","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 22st Annual Conference on Information Technology Education","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067054239","display_name":"Anna Ly","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0210-0342"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Anna Ly","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080249229","display_name":"John Edwards","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0882-312X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121980950","display_name":"Utah State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00h6set76","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121980950"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Edwards","raw_affiliation_strings":["Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121980950"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017029944","display_name":"Michael Liut","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2965-5302"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Liut","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047964559","display_name":"Andrew Petersen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1337-7985"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Petersen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5067054239"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9374,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80179056,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"9","last_page":"14"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9883999824523926,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10731","display_name":"Educational Games and Gamification","score":0.9592999815940857,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/syntax","display_name":"Syntax","score":0.9090652465820312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7549684047698975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/syntax-error","display_name":"Syntax error","score":0.7326487898826599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abstract-syntax-tree","display_name":"Abstract syntax tree","score":0.503102719783783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abstract-syntax","display_name":"Abstract syntax","score":0.4967425465583801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.3750452995300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3377050459384918}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60048249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37437","display_name":"Syntax","level":2,"score":0.9090652465820312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7549684047698975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11742125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1195374","display_name":"Syntax error","level":4,"score":0.7326487898826599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58646249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127380","display_name":"Abstract syntax tree","level":3,"score":0.503102719783783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114408938","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333373","display_name":"Abstract syntax","level":3,"score":0.4967425465583801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.3750452995300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3377050459384918}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3450329.3476855","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3450329.3476855","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 22st Annual Conference on Information Technology Education","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.800000011920929}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1982866217","https://openalex.org/W1993635167","https://openalex.org/W2008561018","https://openalex.org/W2009908982","https://openalex.org/W2009968568","https://openalex.org/W2051669404","https://openalex.org/W2073781702","https://openalex.org/W2079166885","https://openalex.org/W2157148654","https://openalex.org/W2319437107","https://openalex.org/W2469877382","https://openalex.org/W2472360218","https://openalex.org/W2582325117","https://openalex.org/W2604979435","https://openalex.org/W2766013564","https://openalex.org/W2767026290","https://openalex.org/W2782740487","https://openalex.org/W2786754195","https://openalex.org/W2915096238","https://openalex.org/W2916390547","https://openalex.org/W2917409708","https://openalex.org/W2920869001","https://openalex.org/W3000789961","https://openalex.org/W3047886169","https://openalex.org/W3134991437"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2077104824","https://openalex.org/W2613250302","https://openalex.org/W1988370859","https://openalex.org/W2005927140","https://openalex.org/W2390421503","https://openalex.org/W2387926336","https://openalex.org/W2536864162","https://openalex.org/W2046704574","https://openalex.org/W2095633838","https://openalex.org/W319507398"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Previous":[0],"work":[1],"has":[2],"suggested":[3],"that":[4,79,118,159],"adopting":[5,160],"a":[6,41,80,161,181,191],"\"syntax-first":[7],"pedagogy''":[8],"in":[9,86,101,124,190],"introductory":[10],"programming":[11],"(CS1)":[12],"improved":[13],"student":[14,65,84],"retention":[15],"and":[16,39,54,60,69,110,143,173,185],"performance.":[17],"To":[18],"confirm":[19],"these":[20],"results,":[21],"we":[22,174],"added":[23],"syntax":[24,42,99,154,188],"exercises":[25,59,95,117,132,189],"to":[26,127,179,186],"an":[27],"existing":[28,130],"CS1":[29],"course.":[30],"A":[31],"quasi-experimental":[32],"design":[33],"was":[34],"used,":[35],"with":[36,38,147,169],"topics":[37],"without":[40],"exercise":[43],"introduction":[44],"being":[45],"compared.":[46],"Data":[47],"collected":[48,67],"includes":[49],"performance":[50,85],"(number":[51],"of":[52,73,103,107],"submissions":[53,108],"time":[55,111,125,136],"spent)":[56],"on":[57,93,116],"weekly":[58,68,94,131],"assignments":[61],"as":[62,64],"well":[63],"evaluations":[66],"at":[70],"the":[71,74,87,98,105,122,129,135,139,152],"end":[72],"term.":[75],"Our":[76,156],"observations":[77],"suggest":[78,158],"syntax-first":[81,162,183],"approach":[82,163],"improves":[83],"short-term.":[88],"Students":[89],"generally":[90],"performed":[91],"better":[92],"introduced":[96],"using":[97],"exercises,":[100,142],"terms":[102],"both":[104,178],"number":[106],"required":[109,126,137],"spent,":[112],"than":[113],"they":[114],"did":[115],"were":[119],"not.":[120],"Furthermore,":[121],"reductions":[123],"solve":[128],"partially":[133],"offset":[134],"by":[138],"new":[140,153],"syntax-focused":[141],"students,":[144],"particularly":[145],"those":[146],"less":[148],"prior":[149,171],"experience,":[150,172],"valued":[151],"exercises.":[155],"results":[157],"may":[164],"have":[165],"benefits":[166],"for":[167],"students":[168],"lower":[170],"encourage":[175],"additional":[176],"work,":[177],"evaluate":[180],"fully-converted":[182],"course":[184],"assess":[187],"more":[192],"controlled":[193],"setting.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
