{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3048902721","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3450286","title":"Directional Laplacian Centrality for Cyber Situational Awareness","display_name":"Directional Laplacian Centrality for Cyber Situational Awareness","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3048902721","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3450286","mag":"3048902721"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3450286","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3450286","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3450286","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235901","display_name":"Digital Threats Research and Practice","issn_l":"2576-5337","issn":["2576-5337","2692-1626"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Digital Threats: Research and Practice","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3450286","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065542694","display_name":"Sinan G. Aksoy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3466-3334"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142606810","display_name":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/05h992307","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325736334","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I142606810","https://openalex.org/I39565521"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sinan G. Aksoy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Seattle, WA","Pacific Northwest National Laboratory,"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Seattle, WA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142606810"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142606810"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022505886","display_name":"Emilie Purvine","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2069-5594"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142606810","display_name":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/05h992307","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325736334","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I142606810","https://openalex.org/I39565521"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emilie Purvine","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Seattle, WA","Pacific Northwest National Laboratory,"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Seattle, WA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142606810"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142606810"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001785077","display_name":"Stephen J. Young","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0582-6787"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142606810","display_name":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/05h992307","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325736334","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I142606810","https://openalex.org/I39565521"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen J. Young","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Seattle, WA","Pacific Northwest National Laboratory,"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Seattle, WA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142606810"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142606810"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065542694"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142606810"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.01339759,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"4","first_page":"1","last_page":"28"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10064","display_name":"Complex Network Analysis Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10064","display_name":"Complex Network Analysis Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11476","display_name":"Graph theory and applications","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2608","display_name":"Geometry and Topology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/centrality","display_name":"Centrality","score":0.8281713724136353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6473160982131958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/situation-awareness","display_name":"Situation awareness","score":0.5918946266174316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laplacian-matrix","display_name":"Laplacian matrix","score":0.5345622301101685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.5257455110549927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flow-network","display_name":"Flow network","score":0.47641193866729736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.44894173741340637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.4463464617729187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vertex","display_name":"Vertex (graph theory)","score":0.44224926829338074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.42767074704170227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-theory","display_name":"Network theory","score":0.42574605345726013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-science","display_name":"Network science","score":0.4235476851463318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laplace-operator","display_name":"Laplace operator","score":0.4108015298843384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complex-network","display_name":"Complex network","score":0.2991511821746826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.16635140776634216}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53811970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5062194","display_name":"Centrality","level":2,"score":0.8281713724136353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6473160982131958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145804949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q478123","display_name":"Situation awareness","level":2,"score":0.5918946266174316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115178988","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q772067","display_name":"Laplacian matrix","level":3,"score":0.5345622301101685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.5257455110549927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114809511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412924","display_name":"Flow network","level":2,"score":0.47641193866729736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.44894173741340637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4463464617729187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80899671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1304193","display_name":"Vertex (graph theory)","level":3,"score":0.44224926829338074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.42767074704170227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11804174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192971","display_name":"Network theory","level":2,"score":0.42574605345726013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137753397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2434424","display_name":"Network science","level":3,"score":0.4235476851463318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165700671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q203484","display_name":"Laplace operator","level":2,"score":0.4108015298843384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34947359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q665189","display_name":"Complex network","level":2,"score":0.2991511821746826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.16635140776634216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3450286","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3450286","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3450286","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235901","display_name":"Digital Threats Research and Practice","issn_l":"2576-5337","issn":["2576-5337","2692-1626"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Digital Threats: Research and Practice","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2008.04357","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2008.04357","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2008.04357","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:1828738","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1828738","pdf_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1828738","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:3048902721","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://export.arxiv.org/pdf/2008.04357","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2008.04357","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2008.04357","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3450286","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3450286","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3450286","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235901","display_name":"Digital Threats Research and Practice","issn_l":"2576-5337","issn":["2576-5337","2692-1626"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Digital Threats: Research and Practice","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3048902721.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3048902721.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1578099820","https://openalex.org/W1586184796","https://openalex.org/W1603920809","https://openalex.org/W1967140769","https://openalex.org/W1973836644","https://openalex.org/W1984732727","https://openalex.org/W1986323939","https://openalex.org/W1990312847","https://openalex.org/W2005155495","https://openalex.org/W2006935621","https://openalex.org/W2012557827","https://openalex.org/W2013854554","https://openalex.org/W2014486909","https://openalex.org/W2015953751","https://openalex.org/W2024386879","https://openalex.org/W2027377866","https://openalex.org/W2031246048","https://openalex.org/W2042479609","https://openalex.org/W2042765770","https://openalex.org/W2043905980","https://openalex.org/W2053550965","https://openalex.org/W2059658171","https://openalex.org/W2063282514","https://openalex.org/W2078219118","https://openalex.org/W2107940287","https://openalex.org/W2112643910","https://openalex.org/W2131566584","https://openalex.org/W2134981701","https://openalex.org/W2140273660","https://openalex.org/W2146591355","https://openalex.org/W2146948159","https://openalex.org/W2151436648","https://openalex.org/W2152361742","https://openalex.org/W2302058010","https://openalex.org/W2328187444","https://openalex.org/W2476891002","https://openalex.org/W2480186091","https://openalex.org/W2487230945","https://openalex.org/W2746170296","https://openalex.org/W2775542991","https://openalex.org/W2883159010","https://openalex.org/W2901284226","https://openalex.org/W2904539465","https://openalex.org/W3034220885","https://openalex.org/W3101413764","https://openalex.org/W4240620364","https://openalex.org/W4241998900","https://openalex.org/W4243997607"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2259102937","https://openalex.org/W2083644305","https://openalex.org/W617458055","https://openalex.org/W3106855567","https://openalex.org/W2102401218","https://openalex.org/W2770242346","https://openalex.org/W3207976586","https://openalex.org/W43373421","https://openalex.org/W3147793914","https://openalex.org/W2556811190","https://openalex.org/W3094122941","https://openalex.org/W200400002","https://openalex.org/W1619010075","https://openalex.org/W2001724096","https://openalex.org/W2975072840","https://openalex.org/W2584422693","https://openalex.org/W2022094266","https://openalex.org/W2166744060","https://openalex.org/W2344106453","https://openalex.org/W3202998311"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cyber":[0],"operations":[1,16],"is":[2],"drowning":[3],"in":[4,58,91,112,132,137,170,177,190],"diverse,":[5],"high-volume,":[6],"multi-source":[7],"data.":[8,140],"To":[9,97],"get":[10],"a":[11,30,54,68,77,95],"full":[12],"picture":[13],"of":[14,32,71,86,94,161,193],"current":[15],"and":[17,21,35,42,65,75,116,144,165,189],"identify":[18],"malicious":[19],"events":[20],"actors,":[22],"analysts":[23],"must":[24],"see":[25],"through":[26],"data":[27],"generated":[28],"by":[29],"mix":[31],"human":[33],"activity":[34],"benign":[36],"automated":[37],"processes.":[38],"Although":[39],"many":[40],"monitoring":[41],"alert":[43],"systems":[44],"exist,":[45],"they":[46],"typically":[47],"use":[48],"signature-based":[49],"detection":[50],"methods.":[51],"We":[52,73],"introduce":[53],"general":[55],"method":[56],"rooted":[57],"spectral":[59],"graph":[60,88,120],"theory":[61],"to":[62,118,153,158],"discover":[63],"patterns":[64],"anomalies":[66,185],"without":[67],"priori":[69],"knowledge":[70],"signatures.":[72],"derive":[74],"propose":[76],"new":[78],"graph-theoretic":[79],"centrality":[80,121,179],"measure":[81],"based":[82],"on":[83,128],"the":[84,87,92,108,183,191],"derivative":[85],"Laplacian":[89],"matrix":[90],"direction":[93],"vertex.":[96],"build":[98],"intuition":[99],"about":[100],"our":[101,126,155,178],"measure,":[102],"we":[103,124,149],"show":[104,166],"how":[105],"it":[106],"identifies":[107],"most":[109],"central":[110],"vertices":[111,168],"standard":[113],"network":[114,138,146,195],"datasets":[115],"compare":[117],"other":[119],"measures.":[122],"Finally,":[123],"focus":[125],"attention":[127],"studying":[129],"its":[130],"effectiveness":[131],"identifying":[133],"important":[134],"IP":[135],"addresses":[136],"flow":[139,147],"Using":[141],"both":[142],"real":[143],"synthetic":[145],"data,":[148],"conduct":[150],"several":[151],"experiments":[152],"test":[154],"measure\u2019s":[156],"sensitivity":[157],"two":[159],"types":[160],"injected":[162,171,184],"attack":[163,172],"profiles":[164,173],"that":[167],"participating":[169],"exhibit":[174],"noticeable":[175],"changes":[176],"measures,":[180],"even":[181],"when":[182],"are":[186],"relatively":[187],"small,":[188],"presence":[192],"simulated":[194],"dynamics.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}