{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3162275472","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3449726.3463218","title":"Is there anisotropy in structural bias?","display_name":"Is there anisotropy in structural bias?","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3162275472","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3449726.3463218","mag":"3162275472"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3449726.3463218","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3449726.3463218","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3449726.3463218","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608771","display_name":"Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference Companion","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference Companion","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3449726.3463218","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075992713","display_name":"Diederick Vermetten","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3040-7162"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121797337","display_name":"Leiden University","ror":"https://ror.org/027bh9e22","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Diederick Vermetten","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leiden University, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leiden University, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004203337","display_name":"Anna V. Kononova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4138-7024"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121797337","display_name":"Leiden University","ror":"https://ror.org/027bh9e22","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anna V. Kononova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leiden University, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leiden University, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032811380","display_name":"Fabio Caraffini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9199-7368"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66943878","display_name":"De Montfort University","ror":"https://ror.org/0312pnr83","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66943878"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fabio Caraffini","raw_affiliation_strings":["De Montfort University, Leicester, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"De Montfort University, Leicester, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66943878"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100658894","display_name":"Hao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4933-5181"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121797337","display_name":"Leiden University","ror":"https://ror.org/027bh9e22","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leiden University, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leiden University, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062646838","display_name":"Thomas B\u00e4ck","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6768-1478"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121797337","display_name":"Leiden University","ror":"https://ror.org/027bh9e22","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas B\u00e4ck","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leiden University, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leiden University, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5075992713"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.8387,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91129032,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1243","last_page":"1250"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10848","display_name":"Advanced Multi-Objective Optimization Algorithms","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10848","display_name":"Advanced Multi-Objective Optimization Algorithms","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9602000117301941,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11798","display_name":"Optimal Experimental Design Methods","score":0.9445000290870667,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anisotropy","display_name":"Anisotropy","score":0.5249778628349304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.49354612827301025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.3503953516483307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.19076964259147644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.16279473900794983}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85725439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466686","display_name":"Anisotropy","level":2,"score":0.5249778628349304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.49354612827301025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3503953516483307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.19076964259147644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.16279473900794983}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3449726.3463218","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3449726.3463218","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3449726.3463218","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608771","display_name":"Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference Companion","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference Companion","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2105.04480","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2105.04480","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2105.04480","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dora.dmu.ac.uk:2086/20857","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dora.dmu.ac.uk/handle/2086/20857","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400394","display_name":"DMU Open Research Archive (De Montfort University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66943878","host_organization_name":"De Montfort University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66943878"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl:item_3257068","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1887/3257068","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400850","display_name":"Leiden Repository (Leiden University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I121797337","host_organization_name":"Leiden University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, Companion Volume","raw_type":"Article in monograph or in proceedings"},{"id":"pmh:ul:oai:scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl:item_3257068","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1887/3257068","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401843","display_name":"Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1322597698","host_organization_name":"Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322597698"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, Companion Volume, 1243\u20131250. Lille, France: ACM","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3449726.3463218","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3449726.3463218","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3449726.3463218","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608771","display_name":"Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference Companion","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference Companion","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3162275472.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3162275472.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W7934506","https://openalex.org/W35651078","https://openalex.org/W1524357650","https://openalex.org/W1541288193","https://openalex.org/W1596515083","https://openalex.org/W1879678483","https://openalex.org/W2063303403","https://openalex.org/W2069353545","https://openalex.org/W2072690700","https://openalex.org/W2112036188","https://openalex.org/W2152195021","https://openalex.org/W2166481425","https://openalex.org/W2171074980","https://openalex.org/W2310612427","https://openalex.org/W2543580944","https://openalex.org/W2582743722","https://openalex.org/W2911068399","https://openalex.org/W3008513606","https://openalex.org/W3014063841","https://openalex.org/W3019099774","https://openalex.org/W3035965352","https://openalex.org/W3086427611","https://openalex.org/W3088809098","https://openalex.org/W3099878876","https://openalex.org/W3162029171","https://openalex.org/W3162275472","https://openalex.org/W3182427507","https://openalex.org/W3201742224","https://openalex.org/W4246623349","https://openalex.org/W4247899490","https://openalex.org/W4255375128","https://openalex.org/W4365799944","https://openalex.org/W4394024493","https://openalex.org/W4399524377"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2016187641","https://openalex.org/W2805339068","https://openalex.org/W4246450666","https://openalex.org/W4388998267","https://openalex.org/W2898370298","https://openalex.org/W2137437058","https://openalex.org/W4390401159"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Structural":[0],"Bias":[1],"(SB)":[2],"is":[3,36,52,97,106],"an":[4,49],"important":[5],"type":[6],"of":[7,34,39,91,121,130,137],"algorithmic":[8],"deficiency":[9],"within":[10],"iterative":[11],"optimisation":[12],"heuristics.":[13],"However,":[14,60],"methods":[15],"for":[16,112],"detecting":[17],"structural":[18,41],"bias":[19,42],"have":[20,28,62],"not":[21,53,116,139],"yet":[22],"fully":[23],"matured,":[24],"and":[25,85,100],"recent":[26],"studies":[27],"uncovered":[29],"many":[30],"interesting":[31],"questions.":[32],"One":[33],"these":[35,80,135],"the":[37,89,128,142],"question":[38],"how":[40,86],"can":[43,125],"be":[44,56],"related":[45],"to":[46,68,133],"anisotropy.":[47],"Intuitively,":[48],"algorithm":[50],"that":[51,95],"isotropic":[54],"would":[55],"considered":[57],"structurally":[58],"biased.":[59],"there":[61,108],"been":[63],"cases":[64,103],"where":[65,104],"algorithms":[66,81],"appear":[67],"only":[69],"show":[70],"SB":[71,113,131],"in":[72,102],"some":[73],"dimensions.":[74],"As":[75],"such,":[76],"we":[77,124],"investigate":[78],"whether":[79],"actually":[82],"exhibit":[83],"anisotropy,":[84],"this":[87],"impacts":[88],"detection":[90],"SB.":[92],"We":[93],"find":[94],"anisotropy":[96],"very":[98],"rare,":[99],"even":[101],"it":[105],"present,":[107],"are":[109],"clear":[110],"tests":[111,132],"which":[114],"do":[115],"rely":[117],"on":[118],"any":[119],"assumptions":[120],"isotropy,":[122],"so":[123],"safely":[126],"expand":[127],"suite":[129],"encompass":[134],"kinds":[136],"deficiencies":[138],"found":[140],"by":[141],"original":[143],"tests.":[144]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}