{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3174466001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3449639.3459339","title":"Encoding the certainty of boolean variables to improve the guidance for search-based test generation","display_name":"Encoding the certainty of boolean variables to improve the guidance for search-based test generation","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3174466001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3449639.3459339","mag":"3174466001"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3449639.3459339","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3449639.3459339","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608932","display_name":"Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086640812","display_name":"Sebastian Vogl","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186354981","display_name":"University of Passau","ror":"https://ror.org/05ydjnb78","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sebastian Vogl","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Passau, Passau, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Passau, Passau, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001325301","display_name":"Sebastian Schweikl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8037-2653"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186354981","display_name":"University of Passau","ror":"https://ror.org/05ydjnb78","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sebastian Schweikl","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Passau, Passau, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Passau, Passau, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079261847","display_name":"Gordon Fraser","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4364-6595"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186354981","display_name":"University of Passau","ror":"https://ror.org/05ydjnb78","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gordon Fraser","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Passau, Passau, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Passau, Passau, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5086640812"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2366,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72352941,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1088","last_page":"1096"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/testability","display_name":"Testability","score":0.7107369303703308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boolean-expression","display_name":"Boolean expression","score":0.6348241567611694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5701364278793335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boolean-function","display_name":"Boolean function","score":0.5526750683784485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boolean-data-type","display_name":"Boolean data type","score":0.5206239223480225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/circuit-minimization-for-boolean-functions","display_name":"Circuit minimization for Boolean functions","score":0.5179261565208435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.5161465406417847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standard-boolean-model","display_name":"Standard Boolean model","score":0.49129194021224976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.4819600284099579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boolean-circuit","display_name":"Boolean circuit","score":0.43618038296699524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4194435775279999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boolean-algebra","display_name":"Boolean algebra","score":0.4153038263320923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.38672003149986267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.36894357204437256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.11726051568984985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.0963762104511261}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51234621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2149495","display_name":"Testability","level":2,"score":0.7107369303703308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158465420","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1979515","display_name":"Boolean expression","level":3,"score":0.6348241567611694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5701364278793335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187455244","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q942353","display_name":"Boolean function","level":2,"score":0.5526750683784485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7342684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q520777","display_name":"Boolean data type","level":2,"score":0.5206239223480225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94992772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6667469","display_name":"Circuit minimization for Boolean functions","level":4,"score":0.5179261565208435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.5161465406417847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68481662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176197","display_name":"Standard Boolean model","level":5,"score":0.49129194021224976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4819600284099579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141796577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837479","display_name":"Boolean circuit","level":3,"score":0.43618038296699524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4194435775279999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39685927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173183","display_name":"Boolean algebra","level":2,"score":0.4153038263320923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.38672003149986267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.36894357204437256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.11726051568984985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0963762104511261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3449639.3459339","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3449639.3459339","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608932","display_name":"Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8274990821","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/N023978/2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1599808047","https://openalex.org/W1965335252","https://openalex.org/W1972978214","https://openalex.org/W1985403010","https://openalex.org/W1993760289","https://openalex.org/W1995869236","https://openalex.org/W2016320562","https://openalex.org/W2024352272","https://openalex.org/W2035653731","https://openalex.org/W2041470132","https://openalex.org/W2069486211","https://openalex.org/W2071365726","https://openalex.org/W2085553299","https://openalex.org/W2095199595","https://openalex.org/W2101629181","https://openalex.org/W2108975161","https://openalex.org/W2113307818","https://openalex.org/W2174442795","https://openalex.org/W2219036994","https://openalex.org/W2270202525","https://openalex.org/W2287543196","https://openalex.org/W2293616642","https://openalex.org/W2306286809","https://openalex.org/W2888495597","https://openalex.org/W2949929656","https://openalex.org/W3002471858","https://openalex.org/W3038234297","https://openalex.org/W3043456590","https://openalex.org/W4246414636","https://openalex.org/W4251988601","https://openalex.org/W6833780757"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2143645888","https://openalex.org/W2151151766","https://openalex.org/W3183599949","https://openalex.org/W2131315544","https://openalex.org/W2123927567","https://openalex.org/W1990123009","https://openalex.org/W59031104","https://openalex.org/W2116599147","https://openalex.org/W8052147","https://openalex.org/W2132980130"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Search-based":[0],"test":[1,146],"generation":[2],"commonly":[3,60],"uses":[4],"fitness":[5,57,119,156,164],"functions":[6],"based":[7],"on":[8,33,81,136,186],"branch":[9,40],"distances,":[10],"i.e.,":[11],"estimations":[12],"of":[13,91,131,139],"how":[14,96],"close":[15],"conditional":[16,30,77],"statements":[17,31,78],"in":[18,55,72,117],"a":[19,73,98,109,137],"program":[20,71],"are":[21,128,189],"to":[22,24,27,45,49,64,114,167,175],"evaluating":[23],"true":[25,99],"or":[26,36,100],"false.":[28],"When":[29],"depend":[32],"Boolean":[34,82,102,122,126,159,171],"variables":[35],"Boolean-valued":[37],"methods,":[38],"the":[39,50,56,70,89,118,129,144,155,162,183],"distance":[41],"metric":[42],"is":[43,63],"unable":[44],"provide":[46],"any":[47],"guidance":[48],"search,":[51],"causing":[52],"challenging":[53],"plateaus":[54],"landscape.":[58],"A":[59],"proposed":[61],"solution":[62],"apply":[65],"testability":[66,111,151],"transformations,":[67],"which":[68,94],"transform":[69],"way":[74],"that":[75,149,182],"avoids":[76],"from":[79],"depending":[80],"values.":[83],"In":[84],"this":[85,150],"paper":[86],"we":[87],"introduce":[88],"concept":[90],"Certainty":[92,107],"Booleans,":[93,108],"encode":[95],"certain":[97],"false":[101],"value":[103],"is.":[104],"Using":[105],"these":[106],"basic":[110],"transformation":[112,152],"allows":[113],"restore":[115],"gradients":[116],"landscape":[120,157,165],"for":[121,158],"branches,":[123,160],"even":[124],"when":[125],"values":[127],"result":[130],"complex":[132,140],"interprocedural":[133],"calculations.":[134],"Evaluation":[135],"set":[138],"Java":[141],"classes":[142],"and":[143,161],"EvoSuite":[145],"generator":[147],"shows":[148],"substantially":[153],"alters":[154],"altered":[163],"leads":[166],"performance":[168],"improvements.":[169],"However,":[170],"branches":[172],"turn":[173],"out":[174],"be":[176],"much":[177],"rarer":[178],"than":[179],"anticipated,":[180],"such":[181],"overall":[184],"effects":[185],"code":[187],"coverage":[188],"minimal.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}