{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3155266060","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3448608","title":"A Large-Scale Analysis of the Semantic Password Model and Linguistic Patterns in Passwords","display_name":"A Large-Scale Analysis of the Semantic Password Model and Linguistic Patterns in Passwords","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3155266060","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3448608","mag":"3155266060"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3448608","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3448608","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210174050","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Privacy and Security","issn_l":"2471-2566","issn":["2471-2566","2471-2574"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Privacy and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041529907","display_name":"Rafael Veras","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2253-1956"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39470171","display_name":"University of Ontario Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/016zre027","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39470171"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rafael Veras","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39470171"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042382359","display_name":"Christopher Collins","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4520-7000"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39470171","display_name":"University of Ontario Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/016zre027","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39470171"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher Collins","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39470171"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000647973","display_name":"Julie Thorpe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6629-158X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39470171","display_name":"University of Ontario Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/016zre027","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39470171"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julie Thorpe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ontario Tech University, Ontario, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ontario Tech University, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39470171"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5041529907"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39470171"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.1042,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95481472,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"3","first_page":"1","last_page":"21"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11519","display_name":"Digital Mental Health Interventions","score":0.9617999792098999,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rule-based-machine-translation","display_name":"Rule-based machine translation","score":0.7437796592712402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.742879331111908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password","display_name":"Password","score":0.6922383904457092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6371933221817017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context-free-grammar","display_name":"Context-free grammar","score":0.5782279372215271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5328367948532104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grammar","display_name":"Grammar","score":0.46863412857055664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password-cracking","display_name":"Password cracking","score":0.42766910791397095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-similarity","display_name":"Semantic similarity","score":0.4222135543823242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.4155203700065613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password-strength","display_name":"Password strength","score":0.2462843656539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.16491597890853882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.0746360719203949}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53893814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7378909","display_name":"Rule-based machine translation","level":2,"score":0.7437796592712402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.742879331111908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109297577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161157","display_name":"Password","level":2,"score":0.6922383904457092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6371933221817017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97212296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q338047","display_name":"Context-free grammar","level":3,"score":0.5782279372215271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5328367948532104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26022165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8091","display_name":"Grammar","level":2,"score":0.46863412857055664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3847113","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2746524","display_name":"Password cracking","level":5,"score":0.42766910791397095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130318100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2268914","display_name":"Semantic similarity","level":2,"score":0.4222135543823242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4155203700065613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70530487","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1990841","display_name":"Password strength","level":4,"score":0.2462843656539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.16491597890853882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0746360719203949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89479133","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1137840","display_name":"One-time password","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3448608","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3448608","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210174050","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Privacy and Security","issn_l":"2471-2566","issn":["2471-2566","2471-2574"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Privacy and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.7200000286102295}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6252233751","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RGPIN-2015-03916, RGPIN-2019-005803","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8621526033","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"950-232001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320994","funder_display_name":"Canada Research Chairs"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320994","display_name":"Canada Research Chairs","ror":"https://ror.org/0517h6h17"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W657562327","https://openalex.org/W1731244441","https://openalex.org/W1754931551","https://openalex.org/W2007488200","https://openalex.org/W2019578814","https://openalex.org/W2080051698","https://openalex.org/W2081580037","https://openalex.org/W2106596127","https://openalex.org/W2135359429","https://openalex.org/W2157151879","https://openalex.org/W2158195707","https://openalex.org/W2258871870","https://openalex.org/W2785662445","https://openalex.org/W4321320097"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W137322897","https://openalex.org/W2989690789","https://openalex.org/W2555472429","https://openalex.org/W2054626033","https://openalex.org/W3031972324","https://openalex.org/W3048720371","https://openalex.org/W4245269869","https://openalex.org/W2906808255","https://openalex.org/W3018598733","https://openalex.org/W3131491961"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,102],"this":[1],"article,":[2],"we":[3,104,151],"present":[4,58,122],"a":[5],"thorough":[6],"evaluation":[7],"of":[8,20,64,81,125,164,172],"semantic":[9,32,68,137],"password":[10,29,127],"grammars.":[11],"We":[12,57,121],"report":[13],"multifactorial":[14],"experiments":[15],"that":[16,60,72,86,106,143],"test":[17],"the":[18,62,73,79,153,162],"impact":[19],"sample":[21],"size,":[22],"probability":[23],"smoothing,":[24],"and":[25,44,48,52,67,70,132,139,167],"linguistic":[26],"information":[27],"on":[28,135,169],"cracking.":[30],"The":[31],"grammars":[33,165],"are":[34,75,91],"compared":[35,95],"with":[36,115],"state-of-the-art":[37],"probabilistic":[38],"context-free":[39],"grammar":[40],"(":[41],"PCFG":[42],")":[43],"neural":[45,99],"network":[46,100],"models,":[47],"tested":[49,168],"in":[50,87,112],"cross-validation":[51],"A":[53],"vs.":[54],"B":[55],"scenarios.":[56],"results":[59,84],"reveal":[61],"contributions":[63],"part-of-speech":[65],"(syntactic)":[66],"patterns,":[69],"suggest":[71],"former":[74],"more":[76,116],"consequential":[77],"to":[78,96],"security":[80],"passwords.":[82,120],"Our":[83],"show":[85,105],"many":[88],"cases":[89],"PCFGs":[90,114],"still":[92],"competitive":[93],"models":[94,142],"their":[97],"latest":[98],"counterparts.":[101],"addition,":[103],"there":[107],"is":[108],"little":[109],"performance":[110],"gain":[111],"training":[113],"than":[117],"1":[118],"million":[119],"qualitative":[123,158],"analyses":[124],"four":[126],"leaks":[128],"(Mate1,":[129],"000webhost,":[130],"Comcast,":[131],"RockYou)":[133],"based":[134],"trained":[136,166],"grammars,":[138],"derive":[140],"graphical":[141],"capture":[144],"high-level":[145],"dependencies":[146],"between":[147],"token":[148],"classes.":[149],"Finally,":[150],"confirm":[152],"similarity":[154],"inferences":[155],"from":[156],"our":[157],"analysis":[159],"by":[160],"examining":[161],"effectiveness":[163],"all":[170],"pairs":[171],"leaks.":[173]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-18T14:38:29.013473","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}