{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3150757911","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3448139.3448168","title":"A Deep Transfer Learning Approach to Modeling Teacher Discourse in the Classroom","display_name":"A Deep Transfer Learning Approach to Modeling Teacher Discourse in the Classroom","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3150757911","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3448139.3448168","mag":"3150757911"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3448139.3448168","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3448139.3448168","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3448139.3448168","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"LAK21: 11th International Learning Analytics and Knowledge Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3448139.3448168","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033724875","display_name":"Emily Jensen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1550-379X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802236040","display_name":"University of Colorado System","ror":"https://ror.org/00jc20583","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802236040"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Emily Jensen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Colorado Boulder, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Colorado Boulder, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802236040","https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021886117","display_name":"Samuel L. Pugh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8309-7503"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802236040","display_name":"University of Colorado System","ror":"https://ror.org/00jc20583","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802236040"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samuel L. Pugh","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Colorado Boulder, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Colorado Boulder, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802236040","https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008316506","display_name":"Sidney K. D\u2019Mello","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0347-2807"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802236040","display_name":"University of Colorado System","ror":"https://ror.org/00jc20583","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802236040"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sidney K. D'Mello","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Colorado Boulder, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Colorado Boulder, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802236040","https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033724875"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660","https://openalex.org/I2802236040"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.5726,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":37,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96642374,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"302","last_page":"312"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10636","display_name":"Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods","score":0.9782000184059143,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10959","display_name":"Student Assessment and Feedback","score":0.9765999913215637,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7731164693832397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/utterance","display_name":"Utterance","score":0.7421442270278931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/session","display_name":"Session (web analytics)","score":0.713231086730957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5945593118667603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-of-learning","display_name":"Transfer of learning","score":0.5709827542304993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vocabulary","display_name":"Vocabulary","score":0.543242871761322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5266903638839722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/granularity","display_name":"Granularity","score":0.4539860785007477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statement","display_name":"Statement (logic)","score":0.4422546625137329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer","display_name":"Transfer (computing)","score":0.4219655990600586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4112757444381714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.1882134974002838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.09210556745529175}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7731164693832397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775852435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q258403","display_name":"Utterance","level":2,"score":0.7421442270278931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779182362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17126187","display_name":"Session (web analytics)","level":2,"score":0.713231086730957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5945593118667603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.5709827542304993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6499736","display_name":"Vocabulary","level":2,"score":0.543242871761322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5266903638839722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177774035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1246948","display_name":"Granularity","level":2,"score":0.4539860785007477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777026412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2684591","display_name":"Statement (logic)","level":2,"score":0.4422546625137329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776175482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1195816","display_name":"Transfer (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4219655990600586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4112757444381714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.1882134974002838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.09210556745529175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3448139.3448168","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3448139.3448168","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3448139.3448168","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"LAK21: 11th International Learning Analytics and Knowledge Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3448139.3448168","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3448139.3448168","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3448139.3448168","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"LAK21: 11th International Learning Analytics and Knowledge Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8999999761581421,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2972960365","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1735785","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G848032724","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3150757911.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3150757911.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":81,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W644009671","https://openalex.org/W973843712","https://openalex.org/W1516666697","https://openalex.org/W1592701029","https://openalex.org/W1592813058","https://openalex.org/W1593045043","https://openalex.org/W1761828760","https://openalex.org/W1847674437","https://openalex.org/W1911792730","https://openalex.org/W1966861245","https://openalex.org/W1985922136","https://openalex.org/W1990261921","https://openalex.org/W1996290308","https://openalex.org/W2006617902","https://openalex.org/W2028098350","https://openalex.org/W2032365340","https://openalex.org/W2038264143","https://openalex.org/W2039762179","https://openalex.org/W2050399559","https://openalex.org/W2055404879","https://openalex.org/W2098249415","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2102243141","https://openalex.org/W2103483792","https://openalex.org/W2107946292","https://openalex.org/W2107984553","https://openalex.org/W2110065044","https://openalex.org/W2115565953","https://openalex.org/W2119168155","https://openalex.org/W2121879602","https://openalex.org/W2135995390","https://openalex.org/W2137247190","https://openalex.org/W2149612368","https://openalex.org/W2154340102","https://openalex.org/W2165698076","https://openalex.org/W2166251590","https://openalex.org/W2239165312","https://openalex.org/W2280513350","https://openalex.org/W2294813873","https://openalex.org/W2470765286","https://openalex.org/W2474338467","https://openalex.org/W2509533451","https://openalex.org/W2521200999","https://openalex.org/W2550118691","https://openalex.org/W2588818222","https://openalex.org/W2595551253","https://openalex.org/W2605961645","https://openalex.org/W2617241599","https://openalex.org/W2803888128","https://openalex.org/W2807708692","https://openalex.org/W2808947522","https://openalex.org/W2808967136","https://openalex.org/W2809787282","https://openalex.org/W2810026859","https://openalex.org/W2888854691","https://openalex.org/W2894156740","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2914394663","https://openalex.org/W2916178355","https://openalex.org/W2916986993","https://openalex.org/W2917967824","https://openalex.org/W2920582597","https://openalex.org/W2941040799","https://openalex.org/W2963490782","https://openalex.org/W2964383545","https://openalex.org/W2964410950","https://openalex.org/W2966152243","https://openalex.org/W2980282514","https://openalex.org/W2999030356","https://openalex.org/W3028958483","https://openalex.org/W3030163527","https://openalex.org/W3036611445","https://openalex.org/W3088852397","https://openalex.org/W3103007258","https://openalex.org/W3123496887","https://openalex.org/W3138794547","https://openalex.org/W4251276466","https://openalex.org/W4251483375","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6630715321","https://openalex.org/W6778883912"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2931688134","https://openalex.org/W2377919138","https://openalex.org/W2529301793","https://openalex.org/W2378857091","https://openalex.org/W2384121599","https://openalex.org/W103652678","https://openalex.org/W4226090359","https://openalex.org/W2038083449","https://openalex.org/W2059697060","https://openalex.org/W2979964269"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Teachers,":[0],"like":[1],"everyone":[2],"else,":[3],"need":[4],"objective":[5],"reliable":[6],"feedback":[7,21,34,128,157,180,198],"in":[8],"order":[9],"to":[10,50,189,195,207],"improve":[11],"their":[12],"effectiveness.":[13],"However,":[14],"developing":[15],"a":[16,66,77,90,136,139],"system":[17],"for":[18,35,83,108,112],"automated":[19,29],"teacher":[20,56,200],"entails":[22],"many":[23],"decisions":[24],"regarding":[25],"data":[26,93,206],"collection":[27],"procedures,":[28],"analysis,":[30],"and":[31,72,95,154,172],"presentation":[32],"of":[33,55,60,127,152,184],"reflection.":[36],"We":[37,64,88,118],"address":[38],"the":[39,121,125,191,210],"latter":[40],"two":[41,45],"questions":[42],"by":[43,144],"comparing":[44],"different":[46],"machine":[47],"learning":[48,81],"approaches":[49],"automatically":[51],"model":[52],"seven":[53],"features":[54],"discourse":[57,201],"(e.g.,":[58,131,148,162],"use":[59],"questions,":[61],"elaborated":[62],"evaluations).":[63],"compared":[65,120],"traditional":[67],"open-vocabulary":[68],"approach":[69,82,194],"using":[70],"n-grams":[71],"Random":[73],"Forest":[74],"classifiers":[75],"with":[76,114],"state-of-the-art":[78],"deep":[79,98],"transfer":[80],"natural":[84],"language":[85],"processing":[86],"(BERT).":[87],"found":[89,173],"tradeoff":[91],"between":[92],"quantity":[94],"accuracy,":[96],"where":[97],"models":[99,122],"had":[100],"an":[101,133],"advantage":[102],"on":[103,124,159,199],"larger":[104],"datasets,":[105,110],"but":[106],"not":[107],"smaller":[109],"particularly":[111],"variables":[113],"low":[115,169],"incidence":[116,150],"rates.":[117],"also":[119],"based":[123,158],"level":[126],"granularity:":[129],"utterance-level":[130],"whether":[132],"utterance":[134],"is":[135,166,204],"question":[137,149,163],"or":[138,170],"statement),":[140],"class":[141],"session-level":[142,155],"proportions":[143],"averaging":[145],"across":[146],"utterances":[147],"score":[151,165],"48%),":[153],"ordinal":[156],"pre-determined":[160],"thresholds":[161],"asking":[164],"medium":[167],"[vs.":[168],"high])":[171],"that":[174],"BERT":[175,187],"generally":[176],"provided":[177,202],"more":[178],"accurate":[179],"at":[181],"all":[182],"levels":[183],"granularity.":[185],"Thus,":[186],"appears":[188],"be":[190],"most":[192],"viable":[193],"providing":[196],"automatic":[197],"there":[203],"sufficient":[205],"fine":[208],"tune":[209],"model.":[211]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-13T07:58:08.660418","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}