{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3146633235","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3448139.3448153","title":"Linguistic Skill Modeling for Second Language Acquisition","display_name":"Linguistic Skill Modeling for Second Language Acquisition","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3146633235","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3448139.3448153","mag":"3146633235"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3448139.3448153","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3448139.3448153","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"LAK21: 11th International Learning Analytics and Knowledge Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026409040","display_name":"Brian Zylich","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5223-8780"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","ror":"https://ror.org/0072zz521","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Brian Zylich","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Massachusetts Amherst, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Massachusetts Amherst, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063813962","display_name":"Andrew Lan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8475-6600"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","ror":"https://ror.org/0072zz521","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Lan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Massachusetts Amherst, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Massachusetts Amherst, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026409040"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.42,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67837583,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"141","last_page":"150"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.795177161693573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memorization","display_name":"Memorization","score":0.6532504558563232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5904734134674072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recall","display_name":"Recall","score":0.5490685701370239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5302557349205017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.4741068482398987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tutor","display_name":"TUTOR","score":0.461338609457016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.44667667150497437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/second-language-acquisition","display_name":"Second-language acquisition","score":0.43801411986351013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.19739851355552673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.14056754112243652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.1257551908493042}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.795177161693573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30038468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4354775","display_name":"Memorization","level":2,"score":0.6532504558563232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5904734134674072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100660578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18733","display_name":"Recall","level":2,"score":0.5490685701370239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5302557349205017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4741068482398987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778371403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7672049","display_name":"TUTOR","level":2,"score":0.461338609457016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.44667667150497437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170350167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1455178","display_name":"Second-language acquisition","level":2,"score":0.43801411986351013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.19739851355552673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.14056754112243652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.1257551908493042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3448139.3448153","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3448139.3448153","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"LAK21: 11th International Learning Analytics and Knowledge Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8799999952316284,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1066037712","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1938059,1917713","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W124870434","https://openalex.org/W650350307","https://openalex.org/W1523223036","https://openalex.org/W1535520578","https://openalex.org/W1562092080","https://openalex.org/W1931608311","https://openalex.org/W1966325275","https://openalex.org/W1974991592","https://openalex.org/W2015040676","https://openalex.org/W2030007850","https://openalex.org/W2066816090","https://openalex.org/W2089365333","https://openalex.org/W2097731551","https://openalex.org/W2113772582","https://openalex.org/W2117122404","https://openalex.org/W2127374659","https://openalex.org/W2137780988","https://openalex.org/W2145183542","https://openalex.org/W2154424209","https://openalex.org/W2163644476","https://openalex.org/W2514897959","https://openalex.org/W2559094423","https://openalex.org/W2574724503","https://openalex.org/W2612649659","https://openalex.org/W2914319828","https://openalex.org/W2945481241","https://openalex.org/W2951520515","https://openalex.org/W2963087811","https://openalex.org/W2963667932","https://openalex.org/W2963979492","https://openalex.org/W2966684417","https://openalex.org/W3025436085","https://openalex.org/W3034715329","https://openalex.org/W3039305791","https://openalex.org/W3040479400","https://openalex.org/W3043869244","https://openalex.org/W3105698199","https://openalex.org/W3169494667","https://openalex.org/W4290961008","https://openalex.org/W4398705336"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3107474891","https://openalex.org/W142374489","https://openalex.org/W2359001871","https://openalex.org/W1803932089","https://openalex.org/W1985007624","https://openalex.org/W2176369193","https://openalex.org/W2351428524","https://openalex.org/W970670907","https://openalex.org/W1569841287","https://openalex.org/W2747680751"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"adapt":[1],"materials":[2],"for":[3,96,127,250],"an":[4],"individual":[5,179],"learner,":[6],"intelligent":[7],"tutoring":[8],"systems":[9],"must":[10],"estimate":[11],"their":[12,235],"knowledge":[13],"or":[14],"abilities.":[15],"Depending":[16],"on":[17,73,237],"the":[18,22,63,88,135,214,241],"content":[19,92],"taught":[20],"by":[21,38,78],"tutor,":[23],"there":[24,52],"have":[25],"historically":[26],"been":[27],"different":[28],"approaches":[29],"to":[30,86,99,107,118,131,162,177,224,245],"student":[31,120],"modeling.":[32],"Unlike":[33],"common":[34],"skill-based":[35,110,160,184,215],"models":[36,50,111,117,161,185,189,242],"used":[37],"math":[39],"and":[40,58,91,122,200,234,243],"science":[41],"tutors,":[42],"second":[43,70],"language":[44],"acquisition":[45],"(SLA)":[46],"tutors":[47,83],"use":[48],"memory-based":[49,80,116,188],"since":[51],"are":[53,84,170],"many":[54],"tasks":[55],"involving":[56],"memorization":[57],"retrieval,":[59],"such":[60],"as":[61,156,171,181],"learning":[62],"meaning":[64],"of":[65,93,137,148,192,203,209],"a":[66,69,163,230,247],"word":[67,205,211,222],"in":[68,134,183,190,229],"language.":[71],"Based":[72],"estimated":[74],"memory":[75,238],"strengths":[76],"provided":[77],"these":[79,154],"models,":[81],"SLA":[82,165],"able":[85],"identify":[87],"optimal":[89],"timing":[90],"retrieval":[94,124],"practices":[95],"each":[97,204,210],"learner":[98],"improve":[100,119],"retention.":[101],"In":[102,129],"this":[103],"work,":[104],"we":[105,139,158],"seek":[106],"determine":[108],"whether":[109],"can":[112,143],"be":[113,246],"combined":[114],"with":[115],"modeling":[121],"especially":[123],"practice":[125,232],"performance":[126],"SLA.":[128],"order":[130],"define":[132],"skills":[133,182],"context":[136],"SLA,":[138],"develop":[140],"methods":[141],"that":[142],"automatically":[144],"extract":[145],"multiple":[146],"types":[147],"linguistic":[149],"features":[150,155,176,202],"from":[151],"words.":[152],"Using":[153],"skills,":[157],"apply":[159],"real-world":[164],"dataset.":[166],"Our":[167],"main":[168],"findings":[169],"follows.":[172],"First,":[173],"incorporating":[174,197,218],"lexical":[175],"represent":[178],"words":[180,228],"outperforms":[186],"existing":[187],"terms":[191],"recall":[193],"probability":[194],"prediction.":[195],"Second,":[196],"additional":[198],"morphological":[199],"syntactic":[201],"via":[206],"multiple-skill":[207],"tagging":[208],"further":[212],"improves":[213,240],"models.":[216],"Third,":[217],"semantic":[219],"features,":[220],"like":[221],"embeddings,":[223],"model":[225],"similarities":[226],"between":[227],"learner\u2019s":[231],"history":[233],"effects":[236],"also":[239],"appears":[244],"promising":[248],"direction":[249],"future":[251],"research.":[252]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-25T13:04:00.132906","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}