{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3210224682","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3447993.3483259","title":"Loki","display_name":"Loki","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3210224682","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3447993.3483259","mag":"3210224682"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3447993.3483259","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3447993.3483259","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 27th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100737187","display_name":"Huanhuan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8330-0580"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Huanhuan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Univ. of Posts and Telecom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Univ. of Posts and Telecom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039025617","display_name":"Anfu Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8785-3350"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anfu Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Univ. of Posts and Telecom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Univ. of Posts and Telecom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058907395","display_name":"Yuhan Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8946-333X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuhan Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Univ. of Posts and Telecom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Univ. of Posts and Telecom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108058479","display_name":"Chaoyue Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6196-1698"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chaoyue Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Univ. of Posts and Telecom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Univ. of Posts and Telecom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032791839","display_name":"Guangping Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guangping Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Univ. of Posts and Telecom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Univ. of Posts and Telecom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100390687","display_name":"Xinyu Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9688-8056"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinyu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Univ. of Posts and Telecom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Univ. of Posts and Telecom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100710713","display_name":"Huad\u00f3ng Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7199-5047"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huadong Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Univ. of Posts and Telecom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Univ. of Posts and Telecom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101850079","display_name":"Leilei Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1814-5745"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leilei Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Univ. of Posts and Telecom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Univ. of Posts and Telecom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017161797","display_name":"Aiyun Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0563-7477"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aiyun Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Univ. of Posts and Telecom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Univ. of Posts and Telecom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085051546","display_name":"Changhui Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3325-562X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Changhui Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Univ. of Posts and Telecom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Univ. of Posts and Telecom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100737187"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.4624,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":70,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95790646,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"775","last_page":"788"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11165","display_name":"Image and Video Quality Assessment","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11165","display_name":"Image and Video Quality Assessment","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10741","display_name":"Video Coding and Compression Technologies","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11105","display_name":"Advanced Image Processing Techniques","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7685654163360596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5649443864822388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.560496985912323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.5476098656654358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/online-learning","display_name":"Online learning","score":0.45966824889183044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4385238289833069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.415240615606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.411624014377594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3495607376098633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.1711893379688263}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7685654163360596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5649443864822388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.560496985912323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.5476098656654358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986087404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15946010","display_name":"Online learning","level":2,"score":0.45966824889183044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4385238289833069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.415240615606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.411624014377594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3495607376098633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.1711893379688263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3447993.3483259","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3447993.3483259","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 27th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W95608104","https://openalex.org/W200861971","https://openalex.org/W1988975763","https://openalex.org/W2003755558","https://openalex.org/W2010670047","https://openalex.org/W2022844530","https://openalex.org/W2050600889","https://openalex.org/W2157326593","https://openalex.org/W2540285146","https://openalex.org/W2560674852","https://openalex.org/W2624438931","https://openalex.org/W2734941459","https://openalex.org/W2744628735","https://openalex.org/W2747329762","https://openalex.org/W2808423829","https://openalex.org/W2961394698","https://openalex.org/W2963575966","https://openalex.org/W2965638232","https://openalex.org/W2979599265","https://openalex.org/W2982108443","https://openalex.org/W2984874211","https://openalex.org/W3003931103","https://openalex.org/W3021314748","https://openalex.org/W3022706795","https://openalex.org/W3046478992","https://openalex.org/W3046761316","https://openalex.org/W3087814885","https://openalex.org/W3087963932","https://openalex.org/W3088533413","https://openalex.org/W3195058958","https://openalex.org/W4247950230"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4362501864","https://openalex.org/W4306904969","https://openalex.org/W4380318855","https://openalex.org/W2138720691","https://openalex.org/W2031695474","https://openalex.org/W2586732548","https://openalex.org/W3049728571","https://openalex.org/W2024136090","https://openalex.org/W4375867731","https://openalex.org/W2964765435"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Maximizing":[0],"the":[1,27,42,67,79,101,162,166],"quality":[2],"of":[3,81,174],"experience":[4],"(QoE)":[5],"for":[6],"real-time":[7,132],"video":[8,14,133,144,183],"is":[9],"a":[10,19,89,113,122,130],"long-standing":[11],"challenge.":[12,43],"Traditional":[13],"transport":[15],"protocols,":[16],"represented":[17],"by":[18,61,84],"few":[20],"deterministic":[21],"rules,":[22],"can":[23],"hardly":[24],"adapt":[25],"to":[26,40,58,66,118,148,171,179],"heterogeneous":[28],"and":[29,138,151,177],"highly":[30],"dynamic":[31],"modern":[32],"Internet.":[33],"Emerging":[34],"learning-based":[35,82,152],"algorithms":[36,56],"have":[37],"demonstrated":[38],"potential":[39],"meet":[41],"However,":[44],"our":[45],"measurement":[46],"study":[47],"reveals":[48],"an":[49,105],"alarming":[50],"long":[51],"tail":[52,167],"performance":[53,168],"issue:":[54],"these":[55],"tend":[57],"be":[59],"bottle-necked":[60],"occasional":[62],"catastrophic":[63],"events":[64],"due":[65],"built-in":[68],"exploration":[69],"mechanisms.":[70],"In":[71],"this":[72],"work,":[73],"we":[74,98,111],"propose":[75],"Loki,":[76],"which":[77],"improves":[78,159],"robustness":[80],"model":[83],"coherently":[85],"integrating":[86],"it":[87,120,140],"with":[88,121],"rule-based":[90,102,150],"algorithm.":[91],"To":[92],"enable":[93],"integration":[94],"at":[95,185],"feature":[96,115],"level,":[97],"first":[99],"reverse-engineer":[100],"algorithm":[103],"into":[104],"equivalent":[106],"\"black-box\"":[107],"neural":[108],"network.":[109],"Then,":[110],"design":[112],"dual-attention":[114],"fusion":[116],"mechanism":[117],"fuse":[119],"reinforcement":[123],"learning":[124],"model.":[125],"We":[126],"train":[127],"Loki":[128,158],"in":[129,146,182],"commercial":[131],"system":[134],"through":[135],"online":[136],"learning,":[137],"evaluate":[139],"over":[141],"101":[142],"million":[143],"sessions,":[145],"comparison":[147],"state-of-the-art":[149],"solutions.":[153],"The":[154],"results":[155],"show":[156],"that":[157],"not":[160],"only":[161],"average":[163],"but":[164],"also":[165],"substantially":[169],"(26.30%":[170],"44.24%":[172],"reduction":[173],"stall":[175],"rate":[176],"1.76%":[178],"2.17%":[180],"increase":[181],"throughput":[184],"95-percentile).":[186]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-06-03T09:05:47.796612","created_date":"2021-11-08T00:00:00"}
