{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3142381527","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3447993.3448620","title":"A nationwide census on wifi security threats","display_name":"A nationwide census on wifi security threats","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3142381527","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3447993.3448620","mag":"3142381527"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3447993.3448620","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3447993.3448620","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 27th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101989546","display_name":"Di Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1572-7926"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Di Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076484228","display_name":"Hao Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9990-5090"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100357922","display_name":"Zhenhua Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7286-122X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenhua Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072962093","display_name":"Feng Qian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8509-2650"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800403580","display_name":"University of Minnesota System","ror":"https://ror.org/03grvy078","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800403580"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feng Qian","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Minnesota"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Minnesota","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800403580"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063270515","display_name":"Qi Alfred Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0316-9285"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2803209242","display_name":"University of California System","ror":"https://ror.org/00pjdza24","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2803209242"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qi Alfred Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2803209242"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022038961","display_name":"Zhiyun Qian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1506-2522"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2803209242","display_name":"University of California System","ror":"https://ror.org/00pjdza24","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2803209242"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiyun Qian","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2803209242"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100745747","display_name":"Wei Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9104-6316"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076665590","display_name":"Liangyi Gong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9067-8733"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liangyi Gong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101877971","display_name":"Yunhao Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6262-3313"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunhao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101989546"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3999,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84603713,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"242","last_page":"255"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monetization","display_name":"Monetization","score":0.8901397585868835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bottleneck","display_name":"Bottleneck","score":0.6850447654724121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6242123246192932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5905850529670715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/analytics","display_name":"Analytics","score":0.5380136370658875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.471139132976532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-device","display_name":"Mobile device","score":0.46407273411750793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.4574015736579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.4528069496154785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/last-mile","display_name":"Last mile (transportation)","score":0.4146891236305237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.18713325262069702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.12760832905769348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.11059987545013428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mile","display_name":"Mile","score":0.1090538501739502}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780602052","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q289845","display_name":"Monetization","level":2,"score":0.8901397585868835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780513914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18210350","display_name":"Bottleneck","level":2,"score":0.6850447654724121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6242123246192932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5905850529670715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79158427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485396","display_name":"Analytics","level":2,"score":0.5380136370658875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.471139132976532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.46407273411750793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.4574015736579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.4528069496154785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45440154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6494801","display_name":"Last mile (transportation)","level":3,"score":0.4146891236305237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.18713325262069702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.12760832905769348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.11059987545013428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186379835","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q253276","display_name":"Mile","level":2,"score":0.1090538501739502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3447993.3448620","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3447993.3448620","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 27th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":70,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W116039366","https://openalex.org/W139582188","https://openalex.org/W1480813933","https://openalex.org/W1515761040","https://openalex.org/W1526747343","https://openalex.org/W1629946144","https://openalex.org/W1650881334","https://openalex.org/W1674877186","https://openalex.org/W1677630041","https://openalex.org/W1766616401","https://openalex.org/W1835342030","https://openalex.org/W1872724802","https://openalex.org/W1924829439","https://openalex.org/W1972743861","https://openalex.org/W1974977720","https://openalex.org/W1983142587","https://openalex.org/W1984293894","https://openalex.org/W1984872578","https://openalex.org/W1985987493","https://openalex.org/W2005787096","https://openalex.org/W2023276871","https://openalex.org/W2025211442","https://openalex.org/W2025440653","https://openalex.org/W2027921358","https://openalex.org/W2045168279","https://openalex.org/W2051074457","https://openalex.org/W2057541707","https://openalex.org/W2058740649","https://openalex.org/W2073538329","https://openalex.org/W2084333006","https://openalex.org/W2084421492","https://openalex.org/W2086802227","https://openalex.org/W2087956643","https://openalex.org/W2088640816","https://openalex.org/W2096647377","https://openalex.org/W2097194038","https://openalex.org/W2097470225","https://openalex.org/W2098395374","https://openalex.org/W2103370348","https://openalex.org/W2104839312","https://openalex.org/W2111654482","https://openalex.org/W2121252355","https://openalex.org/W2122877994","https://openalex.org/W2123162799","https://openalex.org/W2125591927","https://openalex.org/W2144058528","https://openalex.org/W2151222380","https://openalex.org/W2151554935","https://openalex.org/W2169177434","https://openalex.org/W2247303475","https://openalex.org/W2269520727","https://openalex.org/W2300554752","https://openalex.org/W2320204756","https://openalex.org/W2508482518","https://openalex.org/W2612869182","https://openalex.org/W2888998951","https://openalex.org/W2906994751","https://openalex.org/W2962883549","https://openalex.org/W3000016072","https://openalex.org/W4213190682","https://openalex.org/W4230634801","https://openalex.org/W4231859023","https://openalex.org/W4233362868","https://openalex.org/W4254703201","https://openalex.org/W6632508002","https://openalex.org/W6646339783","https://openalex.org/W6678869514","https://openalex.org/W6697978539","https://openalex.org/W7001333951","https://openalex.org/W7028269389"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4296873905","https://openalex.org/W2990215692","https://openalex.org/W4312342191","https://openalex.org/W2520281795","https://openalex.org/W3180116013","https://openalex.org/W4323565542","https://openalex.org/W2956015248","https://openalex.org/W72090","https://openalex.org/W3092408833","https://openalex.org/W4297808986"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Carrying":[0],"over":[1],"75%":[2],"of":[3,28,70,86,105,124,131,149],"the":[4,60,63,68,75,81,129,158],"last-mile":[5],"mobile":[6,57],"Internet":[7],"traffic,":[8],"WiFi":[9,30,39,72,87,107,112,143,159],"has":[10],"inevitably":[11],"become":[12],"an":[13,33,117],"enticing":[14],"target":[15],"for":[16,74,140],"various":[17],"security":[18,51],"threats.":[19],"In":[20,97],"this":[21],"work,":[22],"we":[23,66,99,136],"characterize":[24],"a":[25,49],"wide":[26],"variety":[27],"real-world":[29,155],"threats":[31,73,88],"at":[32,102,145],"unprecedented":[34],"scale,":[35,146],"involving":[36],"19":[37],"million":[38,56],"access":[40],"points":[41],"(APs)":[42],"mostly":[43],"located":[44],"in":[45,59],"China,":[46],"by":[47,116],"deploying":[48],"crowdsourced":[50],"checking":[52],"system":[53],"on":[54],"14":[55],"devices":[58],"wild.":[61],"Leveraging":[62],"collected":[64],"data,":[65],"reveal":[67],"landscape":[69],"nationwide":[71],"first":[76],"time.":[77],"We":[78],"find":[79],"that":[80,110],"prevalence,":[82],"riskiness,":[83],"and":[84,94,120,147],"breakdown":[85],"deviate":[89],"significantly":[90],"from":[91],"common":[92],"understandings":[93],"prior":[95],"studies.":[96],"particular,":[98],"detect":[100],"attacks":[101,113,144],"around":[103],"4%":[104],"all":[106],"APs,":[108],"uncover":[109],"most":[111],"are":[114],"driven":[115],"underground":[118],"economy,":[119],"provide":[121,137],"strong":[122],"evidence":[123],"web":[125],"analytics":[126],"platforms":[127],"being":[128],"bottleneck":[130],"its":[132],"monetization":[133],"chain.":[134],"Further,":[135],"insightful":[138],"guidance":[139],"defending":[141],"against":[142],"some":[148],"our":[150],"efforts":[151],"have":[152],"already":[153],"yielded":[154],"impact---effectively":[156],"disrupted":[157],"attack":[160],"ecosystem.":[161]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-13T07:58:08.660418","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
